tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-47967432651613012832024-03-08T09:41:18.286-08:00Best college essayPhilosophy Paper Topics Rawls A Theory Of Justicestellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-58330171512190982022020-08-24T23:01:00.001-07:002020-08-24T23:01:11.129-07:00Soccer Scholarship Essay :: Scholarship EssaysSoccer Scholarship Essay 2 à My complete name is Elizabeth Mason Godwin however I pass by Libby. I have grown up living with my folks Barry and Nancy Godwin in Traverse City. I went to Willow Hill Elementary School where my affection for sports began. I began playing soccer in fifth grade when my companion Carrie welcomed me to one of her practices to perceive what it resembled. They let me play with the group that day and I experienced passionate feelings for! I quickly joined and joined the YMCA group. I kept on playing for the YMCA until I was in the seventh grade and climbed to TBAYS. I joined a rec group with a few my companions who likewise played soccer. We rehearsed two times per week in the spring and fall and had games each end of the week. We additionally went to competitions in the mid year. My most loved was consistently the Canton Invitational down in Canton, Michigan. Other than wanting to play the games that we had throughout the end of the week, I cherished hanging out and meeting the entirety o f different children that had my equivalent interest....SOCCER! I was on another TBAYS rec group with certain companions in eighth grade yet then in ninth grade the time had come to go for the huge shebang...the secondary school group. I was lucky to make the Varsity group at Traverse City West Senior High as a green bean. Since my first year I have played in the group each spring and now am at present a co-commander in my senior year. Through the secondary school group I have found out such a great amount about soccer, the significance of group, and kinship. Other than wanting to play soccer I likewise appreciate pastimes, for example, tennis, snowboarding, cruising, photography and perusing. I truly appreciate outside exercises. In ninth and tenth grade I went out traveling with my childhood gathering to Pennsylvania where we went wilderness boating the two years. I found that experience mind blowing and can hardly wait to go again sometime soon. à My tentative arrangements are to graduate this year from West Senior High and to spend another late spring at our bungalow on Torch Lake where I am anticipating being a babysitter for certain companions of our family. My closest companion Carrie (the person who at first got me into soccer) and I additionally are at present arranging an excursion for the finish of summer before we both head out to class. stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-2939404974109876162020-08-22T02:25:00.001-07:002020-08-22T02:25:34.188-07:00What are the advantages and disadvantages for society, when people EssayWhat are the points of interest and detriments for society, when individuals live longer lives - Essay Example This survey will explain the way that when individuals live more, it is both helpful and inconvenient to the social orders in which they live. To begin with, investigate has demonstrated that in spite of the discernment that when individuals live longer they are just weight to society; there are in reality some huge advantages if individuals live more. For example, when individuals live longer lives, they are a significant resource for society on account of the immense measure of information they have gained about various issues for the duration of their lives. While elderly folks individuals may frequently be seen as old and obsolete, it is undeniable that the present-day progressions in many circles of life were a result of establishments that were set up when the individuals who are in their mature age today were more youthful (Johnson and De Souza, 2008, p. 24). All things considered, the sentiments and aptitude that can be achieved from the individuals who have lived long are significant to society. While the assessments of the old may not be given from an expert stance, the negligible truth that they have invested more energy alive makes their feelings worth chasing. For example, in the present intense financial occasions, the vast majority overlook that there are individuals who have lived, and endure harder monetary occasions during the financial downturns that followed the two universal wars. In this circumstance along these lines, the assessment of somebody who survived the two wars is plainly priceless to society. Another bit of leeway of individuals living longer is that they can give positive cultural qualities to the more youthful age. During late decades, social orders universally have had the option to dispose of esteems that were inconvenient to society. Such qualities incorporate male bullheadedness and bigotry. Nonetheless, social orders have likewise received a few qualities that are pointless for them. Indeed, the nuclear family which is the most fundamental unit of any general public has been contrarily influenced by the present pattern of getting rid of any worth that is considered ââ¬Ëtraditionalââ¬â¢ regardless of stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-84460460689630991842020-07-25T11:48:00.001-07:002020-07-25T11:48:03.549-07:00SIPA and Careers in the U.S. Government COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions BlogSIPA and Careers in the U.S. Government COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Admissions Committee continues to work away and today I present the following student entry. The following was prepared by SIPA student Joshua Huneycutt, a second year MIA student concentrating in Energy and Environmental Policy. ___________________________ So youâre interested in working for the U.S. Government, but are worried that SIPA may be too far from Washington, D.C. for you to effectively work your way in. Well, have no fear â" SIPA has a strong track record of placing graduates in civil service positions and a large (and friendly) alumni network within government. For those students at SIPA seeking government jobs, opportunities abound for networking and gaining entry to special career development programs at various agencies. SIPA career panels frequently feature U.S. government-employed alumni, and the annual D.C. Career Fair features site visits with alumni to various government agencies. Another great way to gain access to a career in government is through the Presidential Management Fellows Program. Thanks in part to the dedicated effort of the Office of Career Services and the various workshops, guides, and one-on-one consultations, 18 SIPA students were recently named as PMF Finalists for 2010. Below you can find the employment statistics for recent graduates, provided by the Office of Career Services. A link to the information is here. Program Year # of Hires % of Program Graduates Median Salary 2009 Graduates MIA 32 15.6 $55,000 MPA 5 3.5 $73,100 2008 Graduates MIA 23 11.36 $55,000 MPA 6 3.3 $72,500 In addition to SIPA being a great âin,â you will also have the pleasure of enjoying all that NYC has to offer, prior to beginning your days as a resident of the lovely, yet very culturally different, city of Washington D.C. Policy schools in D.C. certainly have many things to offer, but a significant advantage over SIPA for government positions is not quite one of them. stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-18175359460040942022020-05-22T08:27:00.001-07:002020-05-22T08:27:05.584-07:00Feminism And The First Day Of Class - 1135 Words What does the word feminism mean to an individual? Do people believe it means fighting for equality? Do people believe the negative stereotypes? Feminism is a widely debated topic across the world. People either support feminism or protest against it. It is important to know the correct meaning of feminism as it is commonly used in an incorrect manner. Even though the majority of people do not acknowledge the true meaning of feminism and the history it has created, we are oblivious to social media shaping our thoughts. My understanding of feminism before taking this course was foul and misleading of the actual definition. On the first day of class, I believed that feminism was about women wanting power or dominance over men. I assumed the fight for feminism was only about women wanting more rights and freedom. In fact, when I imagined feminist protests, I received the impression that all feminist women were anti-male. I believed that all feminists hated men since males tend to have more dominance over them. In my mind, this made sense because women were protesting about taking power away from males. Prior to this class I has only heard about feminism in songs or public speeches; I never had a reason to look up the real definition of feminism. My understanding of feminism might have been incorrect at the start of this class, but from reading the book and being involved in classroom activities I can improve my definition. After viewing multiple readings and videos in lessonShow MoreRelatedFeminism And Gender And Ethnic Studies1172 Words à |à 5 PagesMy Interpretation of Feminism Feminism has had a deep impact on me since I was infantile. Though she never mentioned it, my mother was an active feminist. I grew up playing with toys considered to belong to either sex. I was taught to be strong and to let my emotions out, and I was given freedom to make my own identity. This was my first experience of social feminism, followed years later by learning the definition of feminism and learning to also see discrimination politically and economicallyRead MoreGender Equality And The Movement For Women s Rights On A Global Scale1174 Words à |à 5 Pagescontroversial perceptions of the meaning of feminism and what feminists stand for. For many years, feminism is considered a series of mere actions exhorting for only women, which is anti-men and overaggressive. Recently, there is a gradual change in the understanding of what feminism is. It is all about the equality that every living human should be treated regardless of gender, race, religion or class. My essay will an alyze in-depth the case study of Emma Watsonââ¬â¢s feminism campaign, HeforShe campaign, basedRead MoreFeminism Is A Political, Cultural, Or Economic Movement?1542 Words à |à 7 PagesFeminism has been around since the early 1900s, but the longer it stays around the less needed itââ¬â¢s become (ââ¬Å"History and Theory of Feminismâ⬠). What is feminism though? ââ¬Å"Feminism is a political, cultural, or economic movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women (ââ¬Å"History and Theory of Feminismâ⬠).â⬠But, people in this day and age are more interested in equal rights for all genders, not just for women. People believe that feminism is over and done because feminists haveRead MoreThe History of Feminism Essay750 Words à |à 3 PagesThe History of Feminism The definition of feminism is very elusive. Maybe because of its ever-changing historical meaning, itââ¬â¢s not for certain whether there is any coherence to the term feminism or if there is a definition that will live up to the movementââ¬â¢s variety of adherents and ideas. In the book ââ¬Å"No Turning Back,â⬠author Estelle Freedman gives an accurate four-part definition of the very active movement: ââ¬Å"Feminism is a belief that women and men are inherently part of equal worth. Because mostRead MoreFeminism : A Man s World Essay1380 Words à |à 6 Pagesverity, feminism has emerged and exists to empower women all over the globe. The roots of the feminist movement date back to the middle of the nineteenth century. In the United States, the first major progress of feminism was the battle to gain womenââ¬â¢s suffrage in the early twentieth century. It successfully resulted in the 19th amendment being passed in 1920, granting women the right to vote. Then in the 1960 s, feminism had another phase which attracted more diverse people. ââ¬Å"Whereas the first waveRead MoreFeminist Theory And International Human Rights786 Words à |à 4 Pagesused these opportunities from the UN to push several different feminist theoretical frameworks. The author examines the interaction of these various feminist. theories. She is drawing attention to the gap between theory and praxis. She discusses how feminism has changed throughout the last 50 years . The United Nations is informed by the contemporary liberal feminist movement. When you treat power as a property, the approach ignores the differences of status and power. The moto some st important thingRead MoreWhat I Learned in the Women and Gender Studies Class1541 Words à |à 7 Pagesvery vivid memory of discussing my classes to my mother before this first semester began, and whenever I listed off my Women and Gender Studies class I remember my mother asking me, ââ¬Å"What do you think you are going to le arn about in there?â⬠I recall opening my mouth to say something, but nothing came out. I stopped, and looked at her and said, ââ¬Å"You know, Iââ¬â¢m not really sure. I guess we will find out!â⬠I knew going in to this class I was excited, but for what I had no clue. However, looking backRead MoreFeminist Theory1248 Words à |à 5 PagesFeminism refers to political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights, legal protection for women, and or womens liberation. It includes some of the sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference. Nancy Cott defines feminism as the belief in the importance of gender equality, invalidating the idea of gender hierarchy as a socially constructed concept. Feminism has earned itself a bad reputation, but it never undermined gender differencesRead MoreFeminism : A Heavy Stigma Surrounding The Word `` Feminism `` Essay1275 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe word ââ¬Å"feminismâ⬠, saying it out loud evokes emotional responses from many people. During my conversations, I received many casual responses to feminism, or rather the traditional, ââ¬Å"I believe in equalityâ⬠response. I also received some negative responses from people that did not approve with modern day feminism, or believed that we had already achieved equality. And finally, I received some very strong ââ¬â yet positive ââ¬â responses to feminism, however, these people explained that feminism itself isRead MoreFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is900 Words à |à 4 PagesFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is mainly concerned with giving rights to women by highlighting the numerous ways in which women have rendered to society. Feminist theorists believe in the social, political, and economic equality of genders and believe that each has his own rights as well as duties. They strive to give the oppressed women their full rights that are being taken every day. History of Feminism Feminism first started in stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-3741547310697293332020-05-08T09:33:00.001-07:002020-05-08T09:33:03.090-07:00Leadership Power - 10259 Words MCOM200 Management Communication GROUP REPORT 2008 b MCOM231- 08(A) Group Report: Leadership, Power Influence. {draw:frame} Which form of power has the best influence on effective leadership? Word count: 2,746 Executive Summary Leadership, power and influence is a theme within management that is constantly developing overtime. Leaders are continuously developing new and innovative ways to empower their followers in order to get the best out of them. For the purpose of this report, we have decided to look at the assumption that leadership is based on the different types of relationships between people, rather than the skills and abilities of just one person. We know this theory allows for aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It has been said that ââ¬Å"todayââ¬â¢s leaders must rely on core values to keep the organization centred and balancedâ⬠(acting from the centre), perhaps this is why a traditional approach of leaders relying solely on their position to influence followers n o longer stands for much today. Leaders must adopt a strategy that in turn gains the respect of followers by leading through exemplary behaviour and standing for values that are communicated openly and often with others. ââ¬Å"John Gillespie, former CEO and vice president of operations at Innovation Luggage, Secaucus, says the following: ââ¬Å"I found that if I wanted people to follow me, I had to be the first person to take risks and work without a safety net under meâ⬠. (Acting from the centre) It is through actions such as this that leaders gain the respect of followers and in turn gain what is known as ââ¬Ëreferent powerââ¬â¢. (McShane Travaglione, 2007, p.359). Like many other leaders, Don Makie, vice president of quality assurance, has had to face the following question: ââ¬Å"how can they (leaders) help others in the organization evolve so that they, too, reflect and embody those values?â⬠(Acting from the centre) This ties in with the ideas of referent an d expert power; when followers hold respect for a leader they are more willing to believe in their expertise and ideas, ââ¬Å"leaders empower their followersâ⬠(Hackman Johnson, 2009). Makie believes inShow MoreRelatedPower Leadership : Power And Leadership846 Words à |à 4 PagesPower and Leadership This week, the author provided various kinds of powers in leadership as a tactics in order to influence their followers. The positions of power include legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent power. Having a legitimate power means the leaders are aware of their current position as their manager or supervisor and therefore their employees must follow their leadership. Leaders use reward power to control their followers by providing incentives or rewards such as promotionRead MoreLeadership And Power And Leadership1313 Words à |à 6 Pages Leadership and Power (MICROSOFT) Bhaumik Oza BUS-567 Introduction Leadership is the ability of an individual to Lead or guide the other team of individuals, or an entire organization. The leader should have research skills as well as Practical skills and should have high ability of managing and executing the tasks. The qualities of an effective leadership can be use of superior mental energies and motivational powers to make their teams encouraged and determined to perform. According toRead MorePower and Leadership2618 Words à |à 11 PagesPower and Leadership The topic that I chose for my semester project is Power and Leadership. The main points within the main subject I am focusing on are Power in Organizations, Sources of Power, The Dark Side of Power, and Empowerment. I will define each, apply them to every day business situations and theoretically analyze the context. The topics that I have chosen will give good insight to what Power and leadership really are and how they are used in are everyday businesses organizations to giveRead MorePower Of Leadership : Reward Power937 Words à |à 4 PagesPower: Effectiveness in Leadership. Reward Power can be gained from one s capacity to reward compliance. Reward power is used to support legitimate power. When someone is rewarded or might receive a potential reward such as through recognition, a good job assignment, a pay rise, or additional resources to complete a job, the employee may respond in kind by carrying through with orders, requests and directions, according to Gibson et al. (1991:331). Reward power is a powerful motivator in the workplaceRead MorePower And Leadership Influence On Leadership Essay882 Words à |à 4 PagesTutor: Date: Power and Leadership Influence Introduction Leadership has been a topic that has been researched for a long time in many disciplines. Leadership as a personality focuses on the characteristics of an individual that gives them power to act as leaders. There is leadership as an attribution this approach views leadership as phenomenon that causes group of followers to have outcomes.(Wu et al, 2010, 90).Researchers have used the following approaches to study leadership; they are mainlyRead MoreManagement, Power, And Leadership1560 Words à |à 7 PagesManagement, power and leadership all in one way or the other add up to the same thing. This is because for each of the terminologies to be effected as require, power is vital. Despite the fact that any individual can possess power and not be in leadership, the reverse is not the case; one cannot be a leader and not possess power (Sarkissian, 2010). In the same way managers and CEOs for organizations need to possess some degree of power, better still authority for them to perform th eir duties effectivelyRead MoreReferent Power in Leadership2276 Words à |à 10 PagesReferent Power I. Topic of Inquiry It is important for managers to understand the sources of power and influence as they must rely upon the cooperation of subordinates in order to be successful. Strong managers rely upon more than just authority they also use leadership skills and power to obtain the most productivity from their staff. According to French and Raven (1959) there are five sources of power. Referent power seems to be the most influential and the least affected by change. To quoteRead MoreLeadership As A Position Of Power1545 Words à |à 7 PagesLeadership may be defined as a position of power held by an individual in a group, which provides him with an opportunity to exercise interpersonal influence on a group of members for the direction of their efforts toward a common goal. Leadership is also a position of power held by a group or individual (Chand, n.d.). There are several styles of leadership that must be reflected upon before an organizational manager can develop their own style. Models of leadership have been developed to assistRead MoreLeadership As A Position Of Power1325 Words à |à 6 PagesLeadership may be defined as a position of power held by an individual in a group, which provides him with an opportunity to exercise interpersonal influence on a group of members for the direction of their efforts toward a common goal. Leadership is also a position of power held by a group or individual (Chand, n.d.). There are several styles of leadership that must be reflected upon before an organizational manager can develop their own style. Models of leadership have been developed to assistRead MoreLeadership and Power Essay1236 Words à |à 5 Pagesrole have referent power and expert power played in leadership at Intel? Which Intel CEOs seen to have inclined toward job-countered leader behavior? Toward employee-centered leader behavior? Toward initiation-structure behavior? Toward consideration behavior? Referent power comes from being trusted and respected. It based on identification, imitation, loyalty, or charisma. (Griffin, 549) Expert power comes from oneââ¬â¢s experiences, skills or knowledge. (Griffin, 549) Both powers played big role in stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-91805017217901513272020-05-06T09:35:00.001-07:002020-05-06T09:35:52.352-07:00The Architecture Of Theatres Architecture Essay Free Essays string(139) " to the margin of the infinite the oculus of the spectator may be drawn to the exterior of the phase instead than inwards at the histrion\." Back to the first half of the twentieth century and it was in America that mass production was going of all time more efficient and ironss of theaters were blossoming all over the state. Architects commissioned to plan these theaters were no longer being briefed by the dramatists and directors but by the proprietors of the ironss with the exclusive purpose on increasing box office gross revenues. The aesthetics were clearly intended for the paying client and the money directed at the entryway anteroom and the of all time turning auditorium infinites and the less exhausted on the of all time smaller dressing suites. We will write a custom essay sample on The Architecture Of Theatres Architecture Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This job was less common in Britain around that clip as really few theaters were built during the war but a premier illustration for Britain did come about with the renovation of the Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1930. Designed by modernist designer Elizabeth Scott, after months of fundraising and commission meetings, was expressed by the manager of the theatre William Bridge-Adam as holding, ââ¬Å" Absolute flexibleness, a box of fast ones out of which the kid like head of the manufacturer may make whichever form it pleases. It should be able to offer Mr Poel an Elizabethan phase after his bosom ââ¬Ës desire. â⬠The Architectural Review responded to it with critical acclamation. Sightline was an country singled out as being particularily good with no pillars blockading any positions and no boxes. Acousticss were besides mentioned, ââ¬Å" the form of the theater resembles a elephantine horn and is so deigned that the participants can be herd from all parts of the phase and the sound distributed equally throughout the auditorium. The splays and the ceiling of the apron, together with the proscenium when in usage, act as reinforcment to the beginning of sound. â⬠Finally the usage of stuffs and the manner where mentioned. ââ¬Å" Though new theaters continue to look in changeless sequence throughout the state, each fledgling, with really occasional exclusion, represents no more than another measure along the boring way of motif decoration and nonmeaningful ornament. Since Palladio built his theater of Vicenza there has been no development other than an increasing inclination towards coarseness and over-elaborationaÃâ à ¦ in the new theater in Stratford-on-Avon stuffs are used with intelligence, choice and fittingness of intent and designed by the nature of the stuff. â⬠It subsequently became clear that the histrions did non experience the same manner. Remarks were made over the distance from the phase and front row and the bare walls stretching from the apron to the circle. It was described in The Other Theatre, published in 1947, Word count: 294 as if ââ¬Å" acting to Calais from the drops of Dover. â⬠( Baliol Holloway ) Clearly the designer had non achieved what she had wanted ( an confidant theater ) nor what the client desired. What had happened here was a deficiency of communicating and cooperation between the two professions. In the yesteryear there was an apprehension of what was required and small was said between either professions but back so the designers working on theatre edifices would hold specialised in Theatre design, most of them being builders themselves with several old ages of experience under their belts. The word specializer was non used in Britain until the mid-19th century, pervious to that an designer who designed theaters would merely be referred to as a Theatre Designer. Earlier instances have been recorded in other parts of the universe where renowned general designers have thought they could work out the jobs aroused by the old theater designs. At the terminal of the eighteenth century London had several theaters which had work done to them such as Benjamin Dean Wyatt ââ¬Ës Theatre Royal in Drury Lane which besides received architectural critical acclamation. Too frequently theatres built by celebrated Renaissance man designers are more excessive and stop up holding work done to the auditorium within and around a decennary. Fortunately for both designer and theater proprietor money had become available for rebuilds and amendments nevertheless huge. The theatre professions displeasure with the plants of Wyatt ââ¬Ës at Drury Lane and Elizabeth Scott at Stratford -upon-Avon are merely a twosome of illustrations of what happens when celebrated designers try and enforce a solution to and old and accustomed job. Their belief that they could rethink the nature of the auditorium ââ¬Ës issues upon their first effort can be seen as naA?ve and as the theater profession is more voluble than the architectural kingdom when provoked, the public tend accept the incrimination being placed on the designer. Word count: 385 Fortunately there are a few first clip Architects, Theatre Designers and Consultants who do listen to their clients and are willing to pass the clip analyzing the codification for auditorium design every bit good as meet proficient demands. As a consequence there are many theaters in both Britain and America which function out of a healthy relationship between both theaters and architecture professions. The dislocation in communicating is what both sides have to be wary of and this can frequently be caused by the designers instinctive to offer slight resources to the external design. In some instances it may be the instance that the designer has taken a modernist mentality, strange to the theatrical precedency which is by and large that the exterior of the edifice should show what ââ¬Ës interior and besides the other manner around. Therefore in the name of architectural truthfulness as a whole, the particularization and form to the auditorium could be sacrificed by the designer un der his pronunciamento. Looking at it the issue in item, the same result can be caused by the sentiment that the designer is non altering anything merely reorganizing the auditorium elements more efficaciously which is merely every bit unsafe as believing that they can alter the nature of the auditorium itself. Therefore by seeking to organize these cardinal constituents such as lighting, side seating and acoustic stuffs, and traveling them to the margin of the infinite the oculus of the spectator may be drawn to the exterior of the phase instead than inwards at the histrion. You read "The Architecture Of Theatres Architecture Essay" in category "Essay examples" The attending would be drawn to the side walls and ceiling hence the histrion will hold to seek harder to derive the attending of the audience. The job with auditoriums in the yesteryear was the failure to pull the attending to the front 15ft of the phase which should ââ¬Å" look to drift â⬠. Some of the causes may ho ld been that the seating went excessively far back or was spread excessively broad. The root for this job maybe that some designers are taught and become house trusters that form follows map, therefore the functionality false belief. They work merely with statistics in making a design which is dictated strictly on Numberss. Areas of the design which could non be measured were frequently ignored or left to the designer to make up oneââ¬â¢s mind on the result unattended. This is a clear illustration of a deficiency of a existent philosophical treatment on the nature of how theatre maps, between the theatrical technician and the designer. Word count: 403 To understand the designer Lashkar-e-Taiba ââ¬Ës expression at how the development of the proper attack to theatre design. First of all a squad needs to be formed dwelling of: an designer, applied scientist, acoustic adviser, cost adviser and theater adviser. An designer of course heads the squad as is in the designer ââ¬Ës office where he or she works alongside spouses, associates and has technicians underneath heading different sections on the building drawings. There will be some younger members of the squad which would hold graduated high from their architectural schools desiring to work for an experient designer on high degree undertakings who spend their clip seeking to happen rational solutions through planing study strategies with the designer. These immature people are who the Theatre Consultants should intercede with. The Engineers on occasion have a inclination to take over a undertaking which can be unsafe for the place of the designer. The electrical applied scientist has the safest function in footings of illuming which can be overseen by the Theatre Consultant and more cardinal to the success of the undertaking is the mechanical applied scientist. The mechanical applied scientist takes charge of the warming and airing. Theatres require that the infinite be dry and cool whilst besides being soundless, something theater directors specify as being indispensable is the silence. Architecture Actor A ; Audience states that ââ¬Å" Quite merely there is nil more expensive and nil more necessary. â⬠The overall occupation of the applied scientists be them electrical, structural or mechanical is to work out how the design is put together as opposed to the ââ¬Å" what â⬠and the ââ¬Å" why â⬠of the design. This leads us to the unsafe instances in which the applied scientists take over the function of interior decorator of theaters from the designers. 1950 ââ¬Ës America and applied scientists were emerging with legion makings in phase design and acoustic and scenic technology claiming they had solutions to sights and sounds. Fixed angles where determined for acceptable sightlines in the auditoriums. Ceilings hidden by illuming, antecedently referred to as ââ¬Å" the celestial spheres â⬠to capture the lifting human spirit and to maintain a cap on the theatre infinite to concentrate the attending back down to the histrion. The side walls which had been lined with humanity in the early old ages were besides now shaped for acoustic advantages. To make a theater that was confidant, it was suggested that the furthest seats from the phase had to be of a certain distance. Jo Melziner ââ¬Ës so called field trials in which he concluded that the furthest distance of: ââ¬Å" 55ft ( 16.8m ) for Julie Harris in play, somewhat more for Gertrude Berg in a instead wide comedy and 100ft ( 30m ) for Ethel Merman in anything. â⬠What had non seemed to be considered was the denseness of the infinite given to the single audience member or of the impact of the sum of people to be fitted into the full distance allocated. Merely to advert some of the theaters loved by the theatre profession ; the Old Vic in London, the Lyceum and the Booth in New York, all of which would be considered severely designed with positions obstructed with bad sightlines and countries with a deficiency of legroom but shows win in these theaters Word count: 331 Nowadays this is realised as being a error in design as functionality really took away from the experience but in the 50s and 60s this confusion of the standards of what makes a good theater experience had non been realised. What differentiates the unrecorded theater is the sense of community and engagement non the accent on the ocular lines and sound quality. Possibly if we take a measure back and expression at what Marcus Vitruvius Pollio wrote in the early first century BC on theatre architecture, we could perchance happen another angle on design. Vitruvius holding been an designer and builder shared most if non all his cognition in his 10 books on architecture. He makes elaborate mention to bing edifices and gave recommendations on how to construct new 1s. Word count: 248 The decision is that clients are looking to be progressively avaricious desiring larger seating volume with equal comfort. The designer must non fall for the naivete that they can work out the jobs which have been around for centuries. An designer ââ¬Ës certitude in his proficient accomplishments can easy do the failure of a production and non hold the endowment of the production or authors to fault. Many freshly emerging designers believe that theaters need modernization but at that place needs to be a greater apprehension of the thaumaturgy and illusionistic handling of the infinite of such a complex edifice type. It seems better so to lodge to old schemes which work and if there is an old theater in inquiry so maintain it if it works. Amendments can be made to the dressing room and saloon, perchance the anteroom but non to the infinites in which the audience interact with the performing artists. By looking to the yesteryear for replies we will happen that the bulk of successful theaters are based on the rules of the ââ¬Å" sacred geometry â⬠which should be considered as particular harmoniousness with the purpose to promote motion of energy non as a robust cyberspace of formations. Finally the sightline paradox. It seems the theaters which work good suffer from the occasional positions with obstructors but those theaters which have first-class sightlines all-round are universally disliked by histrions and audience. How to cite The Architecture Of Theatres Architecture Essay, Essay examples stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-5108498289003478772020-04-27T20:56:00.001-07:002020-04-27T20:56:02.342-07:00Perry Hall, Md Essays - Perry Hall, Maryland, Harry Dorsey Gough Perry Hall, Md INTRODUCTION Perry Hall is located in Northeast Baltimore County. It is a prominent community with many businesses. Its boundaries are often confused with that of White Marsh because they share many things, including White Marsh Mall. Even though it is named White Marsh Mall, Perry Hall and White Marsh boundaries cut through the mall. Most people know that Perry Hall is a old town. The town was established before it was called Perry Hall. Perry Hall has had many names, Germantown being one. The town was finally called Perry Hall in 1775 after Perry Hall mansion, started by Corbin Lee and finished by Harry Dorsey Gough. Gough named it after his home Staffordshire, England ?Perry Hall?. (McGrain, p.58) Ellis 2 HISTORY Perry Hall's earliest records of settlement are the Susquehannock Indians. The Susquehannock Indians settled near what was then called Gunpowder River Valley; now called Gunpowder Falls State Park. In 1608, Captain John Smith lead the first European exploration of Gunpowder River Valley. In 1658, the first Europeans began to settle in the Gunpowder River Valley. In 1669, Henry Howard acquired 200 acres of land, later called Cullenbourne. In 1681, George Lingan purchased 1,000 acres of land near Great Gunpowder Falls, which will become later the Perry Hall estate. In 1697, one of the Indian sightings in Baltimore County was recorded, when Charles Hewitt testified that Susquehannock Indians raided his home in Perry Hall. (Marks, p.159) During the time of 1700-1759 things began to fall into place in this small town of what is now Perry Hall. Industries were starting, such as forges, furnaces, and farms. In 1729, The Maryland General Assembly created Baltimore Town, later becoming Baltimore County. In 1731, The Baltimore Company opened the region's first iron furnace in Gwynns Falls. In 1749, a flood swept through The Great Gunpowder Falls region and Ellis 3 destroys many buildings, including the Gunpowder Iron Works. Also in 1749, Nottingham Furnace was up and running. In 1752, a devastating fire destroyed Nottingham Furnace. In 1754, Baltimore County Court granted Selah Barton to operate a ferry over ?Long Calm? at the Great Gunpowder Falls. In 1757, the Nottingham Forge was opened on the Great Gunpowder Falls. In 1759, Cullenbourne was sold to the Nottingham Company. (Marks,p.159) During the years of 1760-1850, Perry Hall was going through a religious revolution, also the town was still going through its industrial period. In 1760, Robert Strawbridge, a Methodist missionary, went to northeastern Baltimore County and converted many slaves and backcountry residents. In 1774, Harry Dorsey Gough purchased the 1,000 acres, once owned by George Lingan, and renames it Perry Hall. In 1780, Nottingham Furnace and Forge was confiscated as British Property. In 1784, the Methodist church was formally organized and Francis Asbury was named bishop. In 1807, Camp Meeting Chapel was built. In 1880, Harry Dorsey Gough died, he was born in 1745. In 1812, the first cannon fires were heard in Perry Hall during the British invasion of Baltimore. In 1814, Gunpowder Copper Works was up and running, producing materials for the Ellis 4 U.S. Navy during the War of 1812. In 1817, the Joppa Iron Works is operating. In 1824, fire destroyed the Perry Hall mansion. In 1832, fire destroyed the Joppa Iron Works. In 1848, Camp Chapel closed until 1850. (Marks,p.159-160) During the time between 1850-1900, Perry Hall was called Germantown. This was when German and Irish immigrants settled in Perry Hall, also when new religions were introduced to the people of Perry Hall. In 1850, Catholics began to congregate at the Krastel farmhouse, this represent the start of St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church. The year 1852 was the turning point in local history, when Harry Dorsey Gough Carroll, Harry Dorsey Gough's grandson, sold the Perry Hall estate to Eli Slifer and William Meredith. They divided the estate between new European immigrants. In 1858, the dam at ?Long Calm? due to flooding and destroys Gunpowder Furnace. In 1859, Lutherans begin organizing St. Michael Lutheran Church. In 1866, Baltimore City purchased the Gunpowder Copper Works. In 1874, Baltimore County's commissioners approve the first public school in Germantown. In 1876, the Akehurst family began Perry Hall's first nursery. In 1877, George Penn became Germantown's first postmaster. In 1878, local residents organized Germantown stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-70504666613315859252020-03-19T16:31:00.001-07:002020-03-19T16:31:03.564-07:00FORP FAQ SectionFORP FAQ Section Free Online Research Papers Again, thank you for visiting and participating in FORP (www.FreeOnlineResearchPapers.com) without students like you this site would not make it. Below are some of the most commmon questions we get by newer users: 1.) Does www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com cost money? No, FORP does not charge for any of the services we offer unless you are not willing to participate by contributing a paper. If you are not willing to contribute a paper there is a mooching charge of $12.50 per monthly access. 2.) Do I have to be a registered user in order to post a paper or an article to FORP? No, Although we encourage people to register to get a unique username so that other users can more easily follow their work. However, it is not required. If you post an article or paper as a unregistered user the article will appear to be written by anonymous. 3.) How can I obtain some help from the other users on FORP with my article or paper? This is a good question and one we get often. Here is what we suggest: 1.) Register as a user on FORP so that other students start to identify your work and your style. 2.) Post a few comments about other papers you read. Imagine that, making an effort to help someone else actually will result in you getting help. Also, make sure you post as your registered user name so that someone will identify that it was you who extended help to them. 3.) 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Best Regards, Admin admin@freeonlineresearchpapers.com Research Papers on FORP FAQ SectionMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesStandardized TestingAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office SystemHip-Hop is ArtPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-4875393413901773712020-03-03T08:18:00.001-08:002020-03-03T08:18:03.638-08:00How to Format an Ebook for KindleHow to Format an Ebook for Kindle Congratulations! à Youââ¬â¢ve finished your book. à If youââ¬â¢ve polished your manuscript and had it edited, youââ¬â¢re ready to publish on Kindle. à Not much in life is free anymore, but publishing a Kindle book is. à You can format a Kindle book yourself and upload it to Amazon for no charge. à Hereââ¬â¢s how. First, SAVE your manuscript as a new doc so youââ¬â¢ll have a copy of the original. à You wonââ¬â¢t be able to use the Kindle version for anything else once youââ¬â¢re done. Margins should be around .5 top and bottom, .8 for left and right margins. Donââ¬â¢t use more than three or four line spaces to separate text- more than that can cause text to break to a new page on smaller readers such as i-Phones. Use font sizes of 16pt or smaller- a title with a lot of text can easily run over to a second line. Be sure to include a title page and brief copyright notice. Marketing tip: à If youââ¬â¢ve written other books, you can include them on an ââ¬Å"Also Option: you can make the chapter titles in the Table of Contents into clickable links Donââ¬â¢t include page numbers or page breaks- just let the text run on. à Otherwise, the finished product will be a mess! à You can, however, insert page breaks at the end of chapters. Donââ¬â¢t add headers or footers. Amazon usually indents paragraphs during formatting, so I suggest not adding any. à But they sometimes change their process. à If your final uploaded version doesnââ¬â¢t show indents, .3 is a good indent for paragraphs. Include a line space between each paragraph for a little more ââ¬Å"white space.â⬠à Also, shorter paragraphs are more visually appealing on a Kindle reader or i-Phone than longer ones. When youââ¬â¢ve finished formatting (and spellchecking!), save the file so you have a final copy for Kindle, then save it again TO A DIFFERENT FOLDER as ââ¬Å"Web Page, filtered.â⬠à If you donââ¬â¢t save it to a different folder, Word will automatically transform the doc you just worked on into the html file, and then you wonââ¬â¢t have the original (which you might like to use to create an EPUB version or PDF later). Then page through the html file to make sure it looks okay (use the Paragraph tool on the toolbar to check the number of line breaks between paragraphs). à Go to Amazonââ¬â¢s Bookshelf (https://kdp.amazon.com), click on ââ¬Å"Create a New Title,â⬠and follow the instructions to upload the book. à You can also use the Cover Creator tool to create a cover at that point. After you upload the interior of the book, BE SURE TO PREVIEW IT using the Amazon previewer. à There will probably be errors, and readers who write book reviews on Amazon are not always kind about typos or formatting errors in the books they read (this is why editing is so important). à You can fix and re-upload it as many times as you need to in order to make it perfect. à Remember, youââ¬â¢re creating your reputation as a writer with every book you publish. Best of luck! à And Happy Writing! stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-30274134984144047052020-02-15T23:45:00.001-08:002020-02-15T23:45:02.739-08:00Communication, Gender, & Sex Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsCommunication, Gender, & Sex - Article Example This essay "Communication, Gender, & Sex" outlines the issue of the behavioral pattern of the genders that exist in the society. Using the American community as an example, Kivel (1985) labels the stereotype given to males in America as Act-Like-a-Man box. The name given by the writer has two major derivations.. It is for the reason that boys are forced to belong to the order of toughness that the writer hold the opinion the whole system has generated into a stereotype. The name ââ¬Ëboxââ¬â¢ given by the customer has its reasons from the fact that the compulsion given to males to be touch is carried around on a 24 hour basis. This is to say that the practice does not end in a day. Another perception is given by the writer in his text in the context of cultural differences. The writer makes the point that even though boys all around the world are touted to be tough the rate of toughness and compulsion varies with different cultures. The advocacy that the writer assigns to the te xt is that the need for boys to be in control should not be mistaken for the need to be violent. Hur (2011) writes on the topic ââ¬Å"Why I am a Male Feminist. The article is a typical narrative of the real life experience of the writer. As a typical family setting that is made up of its own challenges and strengths, the writer reports of growing up in a home where male dominance over females was shown in a rather bizarre manner. The bizarreness is seen in the sense that the writer reports of his father constantly abusing his mother and showing extreme lordship over her. Indeed if two captains paddle the same ship the ship wil sink and so there is the need for one to be a master whiles the other serves as a follower. This means that the family should certainly have a head. This however should not be mistaken for lordship of the head of the house over the others. Unfortunately, the father of the writer did not view the situation from such perspective and went ahead to abuse the mother. There are issues of socio-cultural concerns raised in the article. The writer holds the perspective that people with Black origin have a special attribute that is leading them in the wrong direction. It was generally due to how the father of the writer treated the mother that made the writer take the stand of becoming a feminist to fight for the right of women. In al two summaries above, there is a peculiar subject of gender stereotype that cuts across. Both articles have instances where males are seen as lords over females. In their attempt to show lordship, they go t he extreme to characterize their attitude with violence, force and compulsion. This is the perspective that is most regrettable. There is a clear misplacement of priority in the sense that men take the wrong approach towards the issue of gender difference. It is in this direction that Gandhi (2001) posits circumstances under which people of certain gender are portrayed as being with traitorous identity. If the scenarios presented by Kivel (1984) and Hurt (2011) are anything to go by, then it could be said without doubt that the answer to Gandhiââ¬â¢s question is that males are those with traitorous identity and the do this though various forms such as imposing their authority on females, abusing females by beating them, harassing females sexually and putting up other stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-16442216222811492832020-02-02T14:12:00.001-08:002020-02-02T14:12:03.021-08:00Using specific examples, compare how inflammatory and hypersensitive EssayUsing specific examples, compare how inflammatory and hypersensitive reactions to parasites can be a defence of the hosts against the parasites and also a disease problem for the hosts - Essay Example 2007] The parasites discussed here mostly refer to helminths, protozoa and arthropods. Inflammation is ââ¬Ëââ¬â¢a protective response of the animal host caused by cell injury and tissue damage, aiming to eliminate the cause of cell injury and to wall off and remove the injured tissue.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ [Blood et al. 2007] Cardinal signs of inflammation include the triple response ââ¬â heat, redness and swelling; and also pain and loss of function. Hypersensitivity is a modified and exaggerated immune reaction of the body to a foreign antigen and is the same as allergy. [Blood et al. 2007] There are different forms of hypersensitivity, namely Type I (immediate anaphylaxis), Type II (cytotoxicity), Type III (immune complex disease) and Type IV (cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity). Understanding the dynamics of host/parasite behaviour may be an important point to start any research of any medical or veterinary intervention to boost the animalsââ¬â¢ ability to fight back parasitic invasion. The base line however is that it is possible to achieve 100% prevention against pathogenic effects of the parasites if a little and timely immune based intervention can be applied. An organismââ¬â¢s body has a natural way of responding to undesirable stimuli because of exposure to pathogenic organisms (usually parasites) in the environment. The response can be inflammatory or hypersensitive depending on the causative agent and the magnitude of the effect of the invasion. Inflammation is the quick response of the organism to harmful stimuli such as parasites, damaged cells and other agents that cause irritation to the body manifested through increase in body temperature, swelling, and function loss at the affected area. On the other hand, hypersensitivity refers to the immune reaction of the body against an invading parasite or other pathogenic material. It is undesirable unlike stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-46409905109087769572020-01-25T10:36:00.001-08:002020-01-25T10:36:06.876-08:00Child Abuse Interventions Within Black African FamiliesChild Abuse Interventions Within Black African Families Introduction Child abuse within Black African families is an important topic which has been given extensive attention in British social work research and literature to date. However, only a limited research on child abuse in African families have really considered the impact of socio-economic factors on social work interventions since the inception of the Children Act 1989 (England and Wales). Now the question is why is the issue of socio-economic status of West African families living in the UK an important factor to consider in social work intervention in child abuse cases? My aim in addressing this topic is that research works and literature show that Black children and their families are more likely than whites to be subjected to unnecessary child abuse interventions by social work agencies and other professionals (Bernard Gupta, 2006). Recent research show that in all groups, black children were over-represented on the child protection register under the category of poor parenting behaviour leading to all forms of abuse compared to white children (Bernard Gupta, 2006). This may also be seen within the context of the pathologization of Black families which, incorporates the view that black people, their socio-economic lifestyles are inherently problematic and need correcting (Singh 2006, p. 19) and therefore social workers may intervene unnecessarily in such families. Social workers on the contrary may hesitate to intervene with Black families due to being unsure whether certain parenting behaviours resulting from low socio-economic status are really an abuse or not. The potential consequences of such approach for Black families will be either that the children and their families will be unnecessarily investigated under the child protection system and may be subject to court orders, admitted to local authority care, and/or adopted, or that there will not be appropriate intervention by social workers for black children at risk of significant harm, and therefore children may continue to be harmed or even die. This is evident in recent years, where the vulnerability of some black African children in Britain has been highlighted by the tragic deaths of two African children: Victoria Climbià © (Laming, 2003) and the young boy known as Adam, whose torso was found floating in the River Thames (Sale, 2005). Also more recently, media reports of possible ââ¬Ëritual abuse of African children in Britain were fuelled by the criminal prosecution in relation to Child ââ¬ËB, who was physically abused because it was believed she was a ââ¬Ëkindokiââ¬â a victim of witchcraft possessed by the devil (Tendler and Woolcock, 2005; Thompson, 2005). In a broader context Socio-economic status is defined as: ââ¬Ëa composite measure that typically incorporate economic status, which is measured by income; social status, measured by education; and work status, measured by occupation (Dulton Levine, 1989, p.30). The three indicators are interrelated but not fully overlapping variables. In this context socio-economic status is considered in terms of economic status, defined as low income or poverty. The difficulties for majority of West African Black families who are mainly asylum seekers from poverty-stricken and war-torn countries now living in the UK are not confined only to how they may be viewed by social workers involved in child care but significantly by their child-rearing differences arising from their socio-economic backgrounds (Beranard Gupta 2006). The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (Department of Health, 2000) based on the ecological approach places a requirement on social workers to consider families histories, cultural and socio-economic status. Therefore the low socio-economic status of many West African families living in the UK is one big challenge for social work professionals working to safeguard and protect these children from abuse from parents responsible for their care. Therefore key information from the literature will be discussed to explore a number of issues that will help social work professionals to deploy the most appropriate and effective method of social work interventions in child abuse cases with West African families in poverty so as to protect these children from all forms of abuse. Moreover, difficulties in social work intervention in child abuse cases may arise, as explained by Korbin (2004), because the process of assessing a child abuse case is complex and parent al behaviours and child outcomes may not be the same in different socio-economic settings. Henceforth, child abuse within West African families can risk reproducing stereotypes of this ethnic minority as ââ¬Ëdeficient, thus fostering pathological viewpoint of African family relationships (Platt, 2005). This raises the question of how can social work practices direct attention to pertinent socio-economic issues framing the experiences of West African children at risk of significant harm, yet not to reproduce ideas of all West African families as deficient. These complex circumstances make social work intervention a major challenge in recent times and therefore, calls for a new perspective in terms of skills, knowledge and conceptual tools to distinguish between the styles of parenting that differ from those of the majority culture, but at the same time safeguarding and protecting children from significant harm. The dissertation has built its theoretical framework on social work theory, policy and practice and will use key conceptual framework from the social-contextual approaches to intervention. The methodology for this work was mainly qualitative and the literature search has been obtained from primary and secondary sources. The dissertation will lay out various issues regarding the social work intervention processes used for West African families with low socio-economic status. The first chapter provides literature on black African children and the child protection system. Chapter two provides a discussion on the increased complexity of social work intervention in child abuse cases involving West African families with low socio-economic status. It also analyse how socio-economic factors cultivate a particular parenting behaviours that impact on social work interventions and thus, bringing West African children living in the UK into the child protection arena. Then chapter three draws on legislations and policies regulating social work practices in the UK. It examines social work practices required to provide competent social work interventions in child abuse cases among West African families and at the same time would not compromise children safety and protection. Chapter four critically analyse the methods of interventions available to social workers to use in effecting positive change in black African community. Finally chapter five discusses the implicat ions of social work intervention made by social work professionals among West African families of low socio-economic status. Chapter one Black African Children And Child Protection Systems The Prevalence Of Black Children On Child Protection Systems There are a number of recent studies on Black families and the child protection system which suggest that these families are disproportionately represented at different levels in the child protection system. Gibbons et al (2005) study looked at the operation of the child protection system in eight local authorities in Britain. A part of their study looked at the racial background of the referred families and they found that Black families were over-represented compared with White families on referrals involving physical injury (58% vs. 42%). Black families were also more often referred for using an implement to inflict the physical injury. The researchers argue that this finding illustrates parenting differences in child-rearing, and the difficulty of deciding what forms of physical punishments are ââ¬Ëacceptable in Britain. They continued to report that the consequences of the injuries inflicted on the Black children were no more likely to be long-lasting, but what seemed unaccep table for the people who referred these children to social services was the form the punishment took. This research study raises an interesting point about child-rearing and parenting differences. Is it the case that Black families, as part of their culture of child-rearing stemming from their poverty status, use physical punishment more as a means of discipline than White families? A recent study by Ellis (2007) found that some West African parents adopted a harsh disciplinary approach with their children as they believe there is no other alternative way of instilling discipline in their children. But the vast people of the majority ethnic community could use options like keeping playing toys away from the children or not taking the children on a holiday and/or depriving them of visiting their friends as a form of instilling disciplining in the children. Ellis (2007) also noted that these punishments are likely to be meted out in a fairly public situation and, though they may be painful, they are unlikely to get out of hand and go beyond what is culturally acceptable. This would appear to support Gibbon et al (2005) findings that the consequences of the injuries to the Black children in their study were not likely to be long-lasting. Another research study by Gibbon Wilding (2005) looked at three local authorities, two of which had significant populations of Black families. One of their findings indicate that referrals around inadequate supervision of children in the two authorities show that a significant number of children referrals came from Black families with low income status than black families with medium/high income status. It could be argued that families with low income status have to strive hard to make ends means by engaging in two or more menial jobs to financially sustain the family. As a result children are inadequately supervised by the very people who are responsible for their care. Considering this kind of socio-economic circumstances, Gibbon Wilding (2005) question whether such referrals should be considered within the child protection framework, or whether it would be better to provide welfare interventions and services for such families under the children in need Act (The Children Act 1989 , England and Wales, S.17). This finding has a number of possible implications for West African children and their families, it may mean that they will remain in the child protection system for longer whilst the necessary services are identified and implemented; or perhaps that assessments and intervention services are provided but are not socio-economically sensitive, and therefore only serve to disadvantage families further. Furthermore, as part of their study, they found that proportionately more Black children were subject to child abuse investigations than White children. They found that of all the children in their study sample on the register, 60% were Black. A possible reason for this over-representation was that social work professionals working with the families had no or little understanding of the socio-economic backgrounds of these black African families (Barn et al. 2007). The researchers also found that White social workers and practitioners emphasized their lack of socio-economic awareness as a weakness when working with Black families, whilst Black social workers and practitioners argued that poverty and ethnicity were not adequately taken into account due to euro-centric child protection procedures. One might speculate whether the parents/guardians of these children refuse to cooperate with social service agencies or whether these agencies are taking a heavy-handed approach, perhaps have pathological approach towards such families. Further data shows that the number of African children in need in the sample week in 2005 is 8,000 (Department for Education and Skills, 2006a). This figure accounts for 3 per cent of the overall total, which is an over-representation inferring from the 2001 census where African children makes up 1.4 per cent of the population. A number of studies indicate that most families of children in need, regardless of ethnicity, struggle to bring up their children in conditions of poverty (Department of Health, 1995, 2001). Many West African children in need will not be drawn into the child protection system, if they are made to receive voluntary welfare support services. Thoburn et al.s (2005) review of the research into the nature and outcomes of child welfare services for black children concluded that African children are almost twice as likely to be looked after than the white majority children in the population as a whole, which then suggest, that some of these children will be accommoda ted under section 20 of the 1989 Children Act, by virtue of being raised by families of low socio-economic status. Beranard and Gupta (2006) found that in relation to the reasons for African children being involved in the child protection system, no official national data are collected on ethnicity and reasons for referral or registration on the child protection register (Department for Education and Skills, 2006b). Research data paint a complex and often contradictory picture and once again the information is often aggregated with data on other minority ethnic children. Brophy et al.s (2003) study, which separated data on different minority ethnic families, highlights an increase complexity in the cases involving African children and found that many involved ââ¬Ëmultiple concerns and allegations about parental behaviour. Arguably, there are a number of contributory factors which could be perceived as important in understanding the involvement of West African families with social work agencies and the resultant over-representation of their children in public care and in the child protection system. Broadly speaking, these range from poverty and social exclusion, to child abuse and neglect, poor social work assessments and intervention, and overt and covert racism. The Government Policies And Initiatives The Commission for Racial Equalitys submission to the DFES/HM Treasury Joint Policy Review on children and young people identifies a number of shortcomings of some government policy initiatives such as Sure Start (CRE, 2006). As is the case with many other government policy initiatives, it is expected that Sure Start Centres will be responsive to black minority ethnic needs and concerns. The commitment of such policies is questioned when there is ââ¬Ëno race equality impact assessment of the Childcare Act 2006 and only a brief mention of black ethnic minority families in the ten-year childcare strategy (CRE, 2006, p. 10). Whilst black ethnic monitoring of children in care, in need and on the child protection register now takes place at regional and national levels, there is little evidence that such information is utilized for policy and planning purposes to effect positive change. It is evident that race and welfare policy has been constrained by parochial perspectives which have tended to focus on how to deal with those in the system. For example, the policy and practice debate on ethnicity and substitute family placements diverts attention from preventive services which could help to obviate the admission of minority children into care in the first place. Similarly, preventive methods of intervention with West African families, such as Family Group Conferences, and systemic practice, as well as particular approaches such as kinship care, are less well developed (Broad and Skinner, 2005; Farmer and Moyers, 2005). Chapter Two Poverty, West African Families And Child Proctection Poverty And Child Protection All families and children for whom social work intervention is likely to be needed are also more than most subject to a range of social and economic problems and barriers. One major factor is chronic poverty which is often associated with unemployment or immigration, ethnic minority, or a single parent family. Poverty often goes hand in hand with other disadvantages and obstacles such as poor educational and employment opportunities, poor parenting, and allegations of child abuse cases. Many West African families and children problems are exacerbated by the interaction between socio-economic factors and their individual impairments and family situations. Unemployment levels are very high among West African families, who are also subject to stigma and prejudice on the part of the community. West African families living in the UK without jobs and no access to benefit and/or dependent on benefits find it hard to access credit. Poor children growing up in single-parent families suffer se rious parental disadvantage, which in turn result into social work interventions. Poverty as we all know is not even-handed. The chances of experiencing poverty are far higher with people from West Africa than with white people (Amin Oppenheim 2002). Institutional oppression is suffered by many West African people in many areas including housing ( Amin Oppenheim 2002), employment ( Chakrabarti et al. 2000), welfare state ( Sadiq-Sangster 2001), education and health which not only means that they are more likely to experience poverty and deprivation, but may also make them more susceptible to social work interventions in terms of child protection. Indeed one may expect Black children to be over-represented in child abuse statistics because their families are more open to surveillance as a result of figuring highly among indices of deprivation (Corby 1993, p.69). The relationship between poverty and child abuse has been broadly established (Thobum et al. 1993; Gibbons et al. 2005). Arguments favour the impact of poverty on child abuse shows an increasing number of child protection allegations referred into the system, and second was the proportion of cases leading to social work interventions and/or other forms of services. Numbers entering the system were hard to quantify. Whilst they showed an increase in registrations up to 1991 (Gibbons et al., 1995), no national records had been kept about referrals, and differences in recording practices and interpretation were widespread. Regarding proportional figures, the discussion was on slightly safer ground. A key finding from the 2005 research studies show that a large number of children were entered into the child protection system compared with those who were subject to social welfare procedures. Of a total number of child protection referrals, around 75 per cent were investigated and intervened, 25 per cent were subject to a child protection conference and only 15 per cent had their names placed on the child pr otection register as a result (Gibbons et al., 2005). Consequently, it was argued that the child protection ââ¬Ënet was picking up too many cases inappropriately. This finding undermines the government aim of keeping children with families and reducing the number of children that enter the child protection register. On the contrast, it is important to consider the effectiveness of the child protection system. Broadly, it seemed to be achieving as much as could be expected in terms of the limited aim of preventing further abuse to identifiable children. There are, however, identifiable shortcomings of the child protection system. Social work interventions appeared to have quite traumatic effects on families (Department of Health, 1995), often generating anxiety and uncertainty for either children or parents, or both (Farmer and Owen, 2005). Poverty And Child Welfare Services Research shows that the poverty experienced by many West African families may be better met through preventative measures rather than child protection ones. Yet despite section 17 of the Children Act 1989, which places a duty on the local authority social workers to provide support for children in need, many social services children and family teams, barely have sufficient resources to meet their duties under child welfare and children looked after. However, unless these issues are tackled, West African families who need support for their children will receive it only when there is an issue of child protection. Furthermore, using socio-economic variables such as poverty as a predictor of high-risk families (Greenland 1997) fails to acknowledge the part prejudice plays for Black people. Consequently, these indicators of child abuse are seen as failings of the individual rather than the product of social inequality (Jones 2004). A number of studies have indicated that most West African families, struggle to bring up their children in conditions of material and emotional adversity (Department of Health, 1995, 2001). For instance West African families cannot take their children on a holiday trip or meet their wishes and wants. Brophy et al.s (2003) study suggests that immigration and asylum issues, combined with financial problems, are likely to be reasons for the increased complexity for social work professionals assessing and intervening child abuse cases involving West African children. The child protection system that exists in Britain will be unfamiliar to many West African families, especially those who recently arrived, as similar state systems do not exist in most West African countries, particularly where socio-economic factors overshadow intra-familial child maltreatment and intervention into child abuse and neglect (Lachman et al., 2002; Pierce and Bozalek, 2004). Brophy et al.s (2003) study conclud es that many black West African parents saw social work assessment and intervention in child welfare cases as a complete anathema and distrust, especially where parents migrate from countries in political turmoil and where there is no existence of child welfare services. There is also concern about the quality of social workers interventions in child abuse cases. For example, it is shown that investigations of alleged child abuse tended to focus on risk assessment rather than assessment leading to social work interventions of the needs of the whole child (Thoburn et al., 2007). In particular, social workers carrying out an investigation might not pick up problems emanating from poverty or social deprivation (Farmer and Owen, 2005). However, at least superficially, social work interventions appear to contrast with section 17 responses, where research reveals high levels of satisfaction amongst parents and children receiving social work services (Colton et al., 1995; Tunstill and Aldg ate, 2000). Thus, if allegations were minor, it was suggested that the costs to families were unacceptably high, and it was by no means clear that interventions, as a social work response, was better or worse than other options. Engaging in social welfare policy addresses low socio-economic status through intervention aimed at promoting social change, while intervention aimed at the poor family or individual addresses poverty at the micro level by helping those in need to develop better coping strategies. The argument that the social work mission of pursuing social change and dealing with poverty cannot be attained by micro practice has been the source of strong and recurrent criticism against the dominance of micro practice in social work although Hugman (2008) questions the truism of this argument (Asquith et al 2005). The relationship between the mission of social work with regard to poverty and the type of social work practised poses a dilemma for social workers. A particular challenge for social work services is how to work to the required standards regarding thresholds for assessment and intervention with West African families with low socio-economic background and to safeguard and promote childrens we lfare (Platt, 2005). Poverty And Parenting Practices The literature suggest that poverty among black West African families affect the life chances of many African children and the capacity of their parents to provide adequate care and this should be considered in social work assessment and interventions involving child abuse cases. The relationship between values and child up bringing patterns illuminates the relationship between socio-economic factors and parenting behaviours (Shor, 2000). Shor (2000) suggests that parents from low social class differ in terms of the values they uphold for their children and this impact on child upbringing. It is also found that there is correlation between black African mothers with low income status using a more authoritarian approach of caring for children than mothers with high income status. Shors (2000) underpin the relationship between values and child-bearing patterns which illuminate the relationship between socio-economic factors and parenting behaviours. He suggests that parents from divers e social class differ in terms of what characteristics they value most for their children and that these differences in value contribute to differences in parenting behaviour. This variation in child-rearing attitudes based on socio-economic variables was underpinned by Shaefer and Edgerton (1995). In order to develop a sensitive knowledge of child abuse, not only across culture but also across socio-economic contexts, it is possible to draw upon knowledge from studies that look at the parenting patterns of black parents with low income. In families it is the children to whom social workers owe the greater duty of care. Children can be clear about what they need. There may be tensions between childrens needs and wishes, parents needs and wishes, the views and wishes of the wider family, of the community, other professionals, and with the requirements of the law, regulation and procedure. Even where the decision is to remove a child from a family the way social workers conduct their business can make a difference. Thus social work has to respond to parental needs- financial and social, for the sake of the children, but may need to abandon them to maintain the primacy of the childs welfare. The consequences of getting the balance wrong in either direction expose both black African children and parents to suffering and pain. Sometimes the nature of the socio-economic issue will demand decisions that appear to undermine that commitment of not putting children at risk of significant harm. Social workers have to take the decision and maintain the commitment. The Government Regulatory Policies And Poverty By the 21st century, there was a growing view that many West African children who were subjects of section 47 investigations were also eligible for services as children in need (section 17 of the 1989 Children Act). Often, such children did not receive these welfare services because of the apparent incident driven focus of child protection services. One way forward in these circumstances was to encourage local authority social work teams to conduct initial assessments, rather than child protection investigations, in borderline cases, with a view to finding less intrusive forms of social work intervention practice that address the wider developmental needs of the child. Procedures supporting such changes were first introduced by local authorities independently, and were subsequently incorporated into government guidance in England, with the expectation that all referrals of children would first be offered an initial assessment except in emergency cases or where it is suspected that a crime has been committed (Department of Health, 1999). Concurrently, a detailed framework was issued regarding the assessment of all children in need (Department of Health, 2000). The now familiar Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families was based on an ecological model of assessment, and included supporting pro formas covering the initial assessment period. Platt, (2000) in his study on refocusing initiative attracted a degree of criticism. For many health and social work professionals, there was concern that serious child protection issues might not receive an adequate response if handled outside child protection procedures (Calder and Hackett, 2003). A key factor here would be whether cases can be switched successfully from family support back into child protectionââ¬âan issue that has given cause for concern over a number of years (Laming, 2003). Parton (1996) criticized the recommendations of Messages from Research because they ignored the basic socio-economic reality for many families. Furthermore, cu rrent social expectations may support a formal response to allegations of child abuse and neglect. It is thus unreasonable to expect social workers to act alone since to do so runs counter to the dominant view of wider society. The idea that fewer investigations would mean that resources could simply be transferred to family support services is somewhat naive. The resource problems include the provision of social work time, the provision of adequate family support services, and the need to support a period of change and transition. Few would argue that resourcing levels in any of these respects have been adequate (Calder and Hackett, 2003), and the question of resources was sidestepped almost completely by Messages from Research. The difficulties of implementing such changes were highlighted more recently by Cleaver and Walker (2004) in their research on the impact of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. The role of the state in these processes was also examined critically by Spratt and Callan (2004). They argued that reductions in numbers of children on the child protection register have been achieved largely as a result of modern governance and measures to promote compliance with performance targets. Whilst these achievements are laudable, they suggest, they may serve to obscure ââ¬Ëunderlying tensions in the relationship between the state and the family. The idea of refocusing has been affected by complex, often competing pressures since the introduction of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. Arguably, the death of Victoria Climbià © reinforced a ââ¬Ëchild protection orientation, and may have led, in some areas, to a lowering of the child protection threshold (Laming, 2003). The Laming report, furthermore, draws attention to the professional confusions that arise from the distinctions in practice between sections 17 and 47. In circumstances such as this, the role of the social worker in any changing pattern of provision takes on parti cular importance. Chapter Three Social Work Practices History Of Social Work Practice Social work has its roots in the struggle of society to deal with poverty and the resultant problems. Therefore, social work is intricately linked with the idea of charity work; but must be understood in broader terms. The concept of charity goes back to ancient times, and the practice of providing for the poor has roots in all major world religions (www.globalvision.org. Retrieved on 14/04/2009). The term social work intervention usually describes work undertaken with individuals, families, groups and communities. In this context the term to cover the use of social work knowledge and skills when using it within a social care organisation to facilitate the provision of services and practice consistent with the Codes of Practice and with standards of service and practice, and to promote the social inclusion and life opportunities of people using services. Successful social work includes the capacity to work effectively within organisations and across organisational boundaries. In the vast majority of instances social work intervention is a collective activity not an individual activity whether as social worker employee or an independent social worker. The most common form of methods of social work intervention is Individual or family casework. Here social work is the intervention. It supports the individual or family to identify, and use, their own and their social networks exp erience and expertise as a resource for problems or difficulties may have resulte Child Abuse Interventions Within Black African Families Child Abuse Interventions Within Black African Families Introduction Child abuse within Black African families is an important topic which has been given extensive attention in British social work research and literature to date. However, only a limited research on child abuse in African families have really considered the impact of socio-economic factors on social work interventions since the inception of the Children Act 1989 (England and Wales). Now the question is why is the issue of socio-economic status of West African families living in the UK an important factor to consider in social work intervention in child abuse cases? My aim in addressing this topic is that research works and literature show that Black children and their families are more likely than whites to be subjected to unnecessary child abuse interventions by social work agencies and other professionals (Bernard Gupta, 2006). Recent research show that in all groups, black children were over-represented on the child protection register under the category of poor parenting behaviour leading to all forms of abuse compared to white children (Bernard Gupta, 2006). This may also be seen within the context of the pathologization of Black families which, incorporates the view that black people, their socio-economic lifestyles are inherently problematic and need correcting (Singh 2006, p. 19) and therefore social workers may intervene unnecessarily in such families. Social workers on the contrary may hesitate to intervene with Black families due to being unsure whether certain parenting behaviours resulting from low socio-economic status are really an abuse or not. The potential consequences of such approach for Black families will be either that the children and their families will be unnecessarily investigated under the child protection system and may be subject to court orders, admitted to local authority care, and/or adopted, or that there will not be appropriate intervention by social workers for black children at risk of significant harm, and therefore children may continue to be harmed or even die. This is evident in recent years, where the vulnerability of some black African children in Britain has been highlighted by the tragic deaths of two African children: Victoria Climbià © (Laming, 2003) and the young boy known as Adam, whose torso was found floating in the River Thames (Sale, 2005). Also more recently, media reports of possible ââ¬Ëritual abuse of African children in Britain were fuelled by the criminal prosecution in relation to Child ââ¬ËB, who was physically abused because it was believed she was a ââ¬Ëkindokiââ¬â a victim of witchcraft possessed by the devil (Tendler and Woolcock, 2005; Thompson, 2005). In a broader context Socio-economic status is defined as: ââ¬Ëa composite measure that typically incorporate economic status, which is measured by income; social status, measured by education; and work status, measured by occupation (Dulton Levine, 1989, p.30). The three indicators are interrelated but not fully overlapping variables. In this context socio-economic status is considered in terms of economic status, defined as low income or poverty. The difficulties for majority of West African Black families who are mainly asylum seekers from poverty-stricken and war-torn countries now living in the UK are not confined only to how they may be viewed by social workers involved in child care but significantly by their child-rearing differences arising from their socio-economic backgrounds (Beranard Gupta 2006). The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (Department of Health, 2000) based on the ecological approach places a requirement on social workers to consider families histories, cultural and socio-economic status. Therefore the low socio-economic status of many West African families living in the UK is one big challenge for social work professionals working to safeguard and protect these children from abuse from parents responsible for their care. Therefore key information from the literature will be discussed to explore a number of issues that will help social work professionals to deploy the most appropriate and effective method of social work interventions in child abuse cases with West African families in poverty so as to protect these children from all forms of abuse. Moreover, difficulties in social work intervention in child abuse cases may arise, as explained by Korbin (2004), because the process of assessing a child abuse case is complex and parent al behaviours and child outcomes may not be the same in different socio-economic settings. Henceforth, child abuse within West African families can risk reproducing stereotypes of this ethnic minority as ââ¬Ëdeficient, thus fostering pathological viewpoint of African family relationships (Platt, 2005). This raises the question of how can social work practices direct attention to pertinent socio-economic issues framing the experiences of West African children at risk of significant harm, yet not to reproduce ideas of all West African families as deficient. These complex circumstances make social work intervention a major challenge in recent times and therefore, calls for a new perspective in terms of skills, knowledge and conceptual tools to distinguish between the styles of parenting that differ from those of the majority culture, but at the same time safeguarding and protecting children from significant harm. The dissertation has built its theoretical framework on social work theory, policy and practice and will use key conceptual framework from the social-contextual approaches to intervention. The methodology for this work was mainly qualitative and the literature search has been obtained from primary and secondary sources. The dissertation will lay out various issues regarding the social work intervention processes used for West African families with low socio-economic status. The first chapter provides literature on black African children and the child protection system. Chapter two provides a discussion on the increased complexity of social work intervention in child abuse cases involving West African families with low socio-economic status. It also analyse how socio-economic factors cultivate a particular parenting behaviours that impact on social work interventions and thus, bringing West African children living in the UK into the child protection arena. Then chapter three draws on legislations and policies regulating social work practices in the UK. It examines social work practices required to provide competent social work interventions in child abuse cases among West African families and at the same time would not compromise children safety and protection. Chapter four critically analyse the methods of interventions available to social workers to use in effecting positive change in black African community. Finally chapter five discusses the implicat ions of social work intervention made by social work professionals among West African families of low socio-economic status. Chapter one Black African Children And Child Protection Systems The Prevalence Of Black Children On Child Protection Systems There are a number of recent studies on Black families and the child protection system which suggest that these families are disproportionately represented at different levels in the child protection system. Gibbons et al (2005) study looked at the operation of the child protection system in eight local authorities in Britain. A part of their study looked at the racial background of the referred families and they found that Black families were over-represented compared with White families on referrals involving physical injury (58% vs. 42%). Black families were also more often referred for using an implement to inflict the physical injury. The researchers argue that this finding illustrates parenting differences in child-rearing, and the difficulty of deciding what forms of physical punishments are ââ¬Ëacceptable in Britain. They continued to report that the consequences of the injuries inflicted on the Black children were no more likely to be long-lasting, but what seemed unaccep table for the people who referred these children to social services was the form the punishment took. This research study raises an interesting point about child-rearing and parenting differences. Is it the case that Black families, as part of their culture of child-rearing stemming from their poverty status, use physical punishment more as a means of discipline than White families? A recent study by Ellis (2007) found that some West African parents adopted a harsh disciplinary approach with their children as they believe there is no other alternative way of instilling discipline in their children. But the vast people of the majority ethnic community could use options like keeping playing toys away from the children or not taking the children on a holiday and/or depriving them of visiting their friends as a form of instilling disciplining in the children. Ellis (2007) also noted that these punishments are likely to be meted out in a fairly public situation and, though they may be painful, they are unlikely to get out of hand and go beyond what is culturally acceptable. This would appear to support Gibbon et al (2005) findings that the consequences of the injuries to the Black children in their study were not likely to be long-lasting. Another research study by Gibbon Wilding (2005) looked at three local authorities, two of which had significant populations of Black families. One of their findings indicate that referrals around inadequate supervision of children in the two authorities show that a significant number of children referrals came from Black families with low income status than black families with medium/high income status. It could be argued that families with low income status have to strive hard to make ends means by engaging in two or more menial jobs to financially sustain the family. As a result children are inadequately supervised by the very people who are responsible for their care. Considering this kind of socio-economic circumstances, Gibbon Wilding (2005) question whether such referrals should be considered within the child protection framework, or whether it would be better to provide welfare interventions and services for such families under the children in need Act (The Children Act 1989 , England and Wales, S.17). This finding has a number of possible implications for West African children and their families, it may mean that they will remain in the child protection system for longer whilst the necessary services are identified and implemented; or perhaps that assessments and intervention services are provided but are not socio-economically sensitive, and therefore only serve to disadvantage families further. Furthermore, as part of their study, they found that proportionately more Black children were subject to child abuse investigations than White children. They found that of all the children in their study sample on the register, 60% were Black. A possible reason for this over-representation was that social work professionals working with the families had no or little understanding of the socio-economic backgrounds of these black African families (Barn et al. 2007). The researchers also found that White social workers and practitioners emphasized their lack of socio-economic awareness as a weakness when working with Black families, whilst Black social workers and practitioners argued that poverty and ethnicity were not adequately taken into account due to euro-centric child protection procedures. One might speculate whether the parents/guardians of these children refuse to cooperate with social service agencies or whether these agencies are taking a heavy-handed approach, perhaps have pathological approach towards such families. Further data shows that the number of African children in need in the sample week in 2005 is 8,000 (Department for Education and Skills, 2006a). This figure accounts for 3 per cent of the overall total, which is an over-representation inferring from the 2001 census where African children makes up 1.4 per cent of the population. A number of studies indicate that most families of children in need, regardless of ethnicity, struggle to bring up their children in conditions of poverty (Department of Health, 1995, 2001). Many West African children in need will not be drawn into the child protection system, if they are made to receive voluntary welfare support services. Thoburn et al.s (2005) review of the research into the nature and outcomes of child welfare services for black children concluded that African children are almost twice as likely to be looked after than the white majority children in the population as a whole, which then suggest, that some of these children will be accommoda ted under section 20 of the 1989 Children Act, by virtue of being raised by families of low socio-economic status. Beranard and Gupta (2006) found that in relation to the reasons for African children being involved in the child protection system, no official national data are collected on ethnicity and reasons for referral or registration on the child protection register (Department for Education and Skills, 2006b). Research data paint a complex and often contradictory picture and once again the information is often aggregated with data on other minority ethnic children. Brophy et al.s (2003) study, which separated data on different minority ethnic families, highlights an increase complexity in the cases involving African children and found that many involved ââ¬Ëmultiple concerns and allegations about parental behaviour. Arguably, there are a number of contributory factors which could be perceived as important in understanding the involvement of West African families with social work agencies and the resultant over-representation of their children in public care and in the child protection system. Broadly speaking, these range from poverty and social exclusion, to child abuse and neglect, poor social work assessments and intervention, and overt and covert racism. The Government Policies And Initiatives The Commission for Racial Equalitys submission to the DFES/HM Treasury Joint Policy Review on children and young people identifies a number of shortcomings of some government policy initiatives such as Sure Start (CRE, 2006). As is the case with many other government policy initiatives, it is expected that Sure Start Centres will be responsive to black minority ethnic needs and concerns. The commitment of such policies is questioned when there is ââ¬Ëno race equality impact assessment of the Childcare Act 2006 and only a brief mention of black ethnic minority families in the ten-year childcare strategy (CRE, 2006, p. 10). Whilst black ethnic monitoring of children in care, in need and on the child protection register now takes place at regional and national levels, there is little evidence that such information is utilized for policy and planning purposes to effect positive change. It is evident that race and welfare policy has been constrained by parochial perspectives which have tended to focus on how to deal with those in the system. For example, the policy and practice debate on ethnicity and substitute family placements diverts attention from preventive services which could help to obviate the admission of minority children into care in the first place. Similarly, preventive methods of intervention with West African families, such as Family Group Conferences, and systemic practice, as well as particular approaches such as kinship care, are less well developed (Broad and Skinner, 2005; Farmer and Moyers, 2005). Chapter Two Poverty, West African Families And Child Proctection Poverty And Child Protection All families and children for whom social work intervention is likely to be needed are also more than most subject to a range of social and economic problems and barriers. One major factor is chronic poverty which is often associated with unemployment or immigration, ethnic minority, or a single parent family. Poverty often goes hand in hand with other disadvantages and obstacles such as poor educational and employment opportunities, poor parenting, and allegations of child abuse cases. Many West African families and children problems are exacerbated by the interaction between socio-economic factors and their individual impairments and family situations. Unemployment levels are very high among West African families, who are also subject to stigma and prejudice on the part of the community. West African families living in the UK without jobs and no access to benefit and/or dependent on benefits find it hard to access credit. Poor children growing up in single-parent families suffer se rious parental disadvantage, which in turn result into social work interventions. Poverty as we all know is not even-handed. The chances of experiencing poverty are far higher with people from West Africa than with white people (Amin Oppenheim 2002). Institutional oppression is suffered by many West African people in many areas including housing ( Amin Oppenheim 2002), employment ( Chakrabarti et al. 2000), welfare state ( Sadiq-Sangster 2001), education and health which not only means that they are more likely to experience poverty and deprivation, but may also make them more susceptible to social work interventions in terms of child protection. Indeed one may expect Black children to be over-represented in child abuse statistics because their families are more open to surveillance as a result of figuring highly among indices of deprivation (Corby 1993, p.69). The relationship between poverty and child abuse has been broadly established (Thobum et al. 1993; Gibbons et al. 2005). Arguments favour the impact of poverty on child abuse shows an increasing number of child protection allegations referred into the system, and second was the proportion of cases leading to social work interventions and/or other forms of services. Numbers entering the system were hard to quantify. Whilst they showed an increase in registrations up to 1991 (Gibbons et al., 1995), no national records had been kept about referrals, and differences in recording practices and interpretation were widespread. Regarding proportional figures, the discussion was on slightly safer ground. A key finding from the 2005 research studies show that a large number of children were entered into the child protection system compared with those who were subject to social welfare procedures. Of a total number of child protection referrals, around 75 per cent were investigated and intervened, 25 per cent were subject to a child protection conference and only 15 per cent had their names placed on the child pr otection register as a result (Gibbons et al., 2005). Consequently, it was argued that the child protection ââ¬Ënet was picking up too many cases inappropriately. This finding undermines the government aim of keeping children with families and reducing the number of children that enter the child protection register. On the contrast, it is important to consider the effectiveness of the child protection system. Broadly, it seemed to be achieving as much as could be expected in terms of the limited aim of preventing further abuse to identifiable children. There are, however, identifiable shortcomings of the child protection system. Social work interventions appeared to have quite traumatic effects on families (Department of Health, 1995), often generating anxiety and uncertainty for either children or parents, or both (Farmer and Owen, 2005). Poverty And Child Welfare Services Research shows that the poverty experienced by many West African families may be better met through preventative measures rather than child protection ones. Yet despite section 17 of the Children Act 1989, which places a duty on the local authority social workers to provide support for children in need, many social services children and family teams, barely have sufficient resources to meet their duties under child welfare and children looked after. However, unless these issues are tackled, West African families who need support for their children will receive it only when there is an issue of child protection. Furthermore, using socio-economic variables such as poverty as a predictor of high-risk families (Greenland 1997) fails to acknowledge the part prejudice plays for Black people. Consequently, these indicators of child abuse are seen as failings of the individual rather than the product of social inequality (Jones 2004). A number of studies have indicated that most West African families, struggle to bring up their children in conditions of material and emotional adversity (Department of Health, 1995, 2001). For instance West African families cannot take their children on a holiday trip or meet their wishes and wants. Brophy et al.s (2003) study suggests that immigration and asylum issues, combined with financial problems, are likely to be reasons for the increased complexity for social work professionals assessing and intervening child abuse cases involving West African children. The child protection system that exists in Britain will be unfamiliar to many West African families, especially those who recently arrived, as similar state systems do not exist in most West African countries, particularly where socio-economic factors overshadow intra-familial child maltreatment and intervention into child abuse and neglect (Lachman et al., 2002; Pierce and Bozalek, 2004). Brophy et al.s (2003) study conclud es that many black West African parents saw social work assessment and intervention in child welfare cases as a complete anathema and distrust, especially where parents migrate from countries in political turmoil and where there is no existence of child welfare services. There is also concern about the quality of social workers interventions in child abuse cases. For example, it is shown that investigations of alleged child abuse tended to focus on risk assessment rather than assessment leading to social work interventions of the needs of the whole child (Thoburn et al., 2007). In particular, social workers carrying out an investigation might not pick up problems emanating from poverty or social deprivation (Farmer and Owen, 2005). However, at least superficially, social work interventions appear to contrast with section 17 responses, where research reveals high levels of satisfaction amongst parents and children receiving social work services (Colton et al., 1995; Tunstill and Aldg ate, 2000). Thus, if allegations were minor, it was suggested that the costs to families were unacceptably high, and it was by no means clear that interventions, as a social work response, was better or worse than other options. Engaging in social welfare policy addresses low socio-economic status through intervention aimed at promoting social change, while intervention aimed at the poor family or individual addresses poverty at the micro level by helping those in need to develop better coping strategies. The argument that the social work mission of pursuing social change and dealing with poverty cannot be attained by micro practice has been the source of strong and recurrent criticism against the dominance of micro practice in social work although Hugman (2008) questions the truism of this argument (Asquith et al 2005). The relationship between the mission of social work with regard to poverty and the type of social work practised poses a dilemma for social workers. A particular challenge for social work services is how to work to the required standards regarding thresholds for assessment and intervention with West African families with low socio-economic background and to safeguard and promote childrens we lfare (Platt, 2005). Poverty And Parenting Practices The literature suggest that poverty among black West African families affect the life chances of many African children and the capacity of their parents to provide adequate care and this should be considered in social work assessment and interventions involving child abuse cases. The relationship between values and child up bringing patterns illuminates the relationship between socio-economic factors and parenting behaviours (Shor, 2000). Shor (2000) suggests that parents from low social class differ in terms of the values they uphold for their children and this impact on child upbringing. It is also found that there is correlation between black African mothers with low income status using a more authoritarian approach of caring for children than mothers with high income status. Shors (2000) underpin the relationship between values and child-bearing patterns which illuminate the relationship between socio-economic factors and parenting behaviours. He suggests that parents from divers e social class differ in terms of what characteristics they value most for their children and that these differences in value contribute to differences in parenting behaviour. This variation in child-rearing attitudes based on socio-economic variables was underpinned by Shaefer and Edgerton (1995). In order to develop a sensitive knowledge of child abuse, not only across culture but also across socio-economic contexts, it is possible to draw upon knowledge from studies that look at the parenting patterns of black parents with low income. In families it is the children to whom social workers owe the greater duty of care. Children can be clear about what they need. There may be tensions between childrens needs and wishes, parents needs and wishes, the views and wishes of the wider family, of the community, other professionals, and with the requirements of the law, regulation and procedure. Even where the decision is to remove a child from a family the way social workers conduct their business can make a difference. Thus social work has to respond to parental needs- financial and social, for the sake of the children, but may need to abandon them to maintain the primacy of the childs welfare. The consequences of getting the balance wrong in either direction expose both black African children and parents to suffering and pain. Sometimes the nature of the socio-economic issue will demand decisions that appear to undermine that commitment of not putting children at risk of significant harm. Social workers have to take the decision and maintain the commitment. The Government Regulatory Policies And Poverty By the 21st century, there was a growing view that many West African children who were subjects of section 47 investigations were also eligible for services as children in need (section 17 of the 1989 Children Act). Often, such children did not receive these welfare services because of the apparent incident driven focus of child protection services. One way forward in these circumstances was to encourage local authority social work teams to conduct initial assessments, rather than child protection investigations, in borderline cases, with a view to finding less intrusive forms of social work intervention practice that address the wider developmental needs of the child. Procedures supporting such changes were first introduced by local authorities independently, and were subsequently incorporated into government guidance in England, with the expectation that all referrals of children would first be offered an initial assessment except in emergency cases or where it is suspected that a crime has been committed (Department of Health, 1999). Concurrently, a detailed framework was issued regarding the assessment of all children in need (Department of Health, 2000). The now familiar Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families was based on an ecological model of assessment, and included supporting pro formas covering the initial assessment period. Platt, (2000) in his study on refocusing initiative attracted a degree of criticism. For many health and social work professionals, there was concern that serious child protection issues might not receive an adequate response if handled outside child protection procedures (Calder and Hackett, 2003). A key factor here would be whether cases can be switched successfully from family support back into child protectionââ¬âan issue that has given cause for concern over a number of years (Laming, 2003). Parton (1996) criticized the recommendations of Messages from Research because they ignored the basic socio-economic reality for many families. Furthermore, cu rrent social expectations may support a formal response to allegations of child abuse and neglect. It is thus unreasonable to expect social workers to act alone since to do so runs counter to the dominant view of wider society. The idea that fewer investigations would mean that resources could simply be transferred to family support services is somewhat naive. The resource problems include the provision of social work time, the provision of adequate family support services, and the need to support a period of change and transition. Few would argue that resourcing levels in any of these respects have been adequate (Calder and Hackett, 2003), and the question of resources was sidestepped almost completely by Messages from Research. The difficulties of implementing such changes were highlighted more recently by Cleaver and Walker (2004) in their research on the impact of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. The role of the state in these processes was also examined critically by Spratt and Callan (2004). They argued that reductions in numbers of children on the child protection register have been achieved largely as a result of modern governance and measures to promote compliance with performance targets. Whilst these achievements are laudable, they suggest, they may serve to obscure ââ¬Ëunderlying tensions in the relationship between the state and the family. The idea of refocusing has been affected by complex, often competing pressures since the introduction of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. Arguably, the death of Victoria Climbià © reinforced a ââ¬Ëchild protection orientation, and may have led, in some areas, to a lowering of the child protection threshold (Laming, 2003). The Laming report, furthermore, draws attention to the professional confusions that arise from the distinctions in practice between sections 17 and 47. In circumstances such as this, the role of the social worker in any changing pattern of provision takes on parti cular importance. Chapter Three Social Work Practices History Of Social Work Practice Social work has its roots in the struggle of society to deal with poverty and the resultant problems. Therefore, social work is intricately linked with the idea of charity work; but must be understood in broader terms. The concept of charity goes back to ancient times, and the practice of providing for the poor has roots in all major world religions (www.globalvision.org. Retrieved on 14/04/2009). The term social work intervention usually describes work undertaken with individuals, families, groups and communities. In this context the term to cover the use of social work knowledge and skills when using it within a social care organisation to facilitate the provision of services and practice consistent with the Codes of Practice and with standards of service and practice, and to promote the social inclusion and life opportunities of people using services. Successful social work includes the capacity to work effectively within organisations and across organisational boundaries. In the vast majority of instances social work intervention is a collective activity not an individual activity whether as social worker employee or an independent social worker. The most common form of methods of social work intervention is Individual or family casework. Here social work is the intervention. It supports the individual or family to identify, and use, their own and their social networks exp erience and expertise as a resource for problems or difficulties may have resulte stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-29459508562577397332020-01-17T07:00:00.001-08:002020-01-17T07:00:04.805-08:00Problems Facing United States Today EssayIt is now year 2008, and after Bush administrationââ¬â¢s destructive decisions to humanity, America is now facing tremendous problems at home and abroad. à à à à à à à à à à à I consider moral standard as the problem which should be taken most seriously. Why? Because it has been in question since the Bush administration declared war against Iraq and violated not just the human rights but also the rights of the country and the rules of war. Justice was not given. Though there were a number of Americans that opposed these attacks, the effects violence has resulted to confusion on moral standards of most Americans. à à à à à à à à à à à Next is, the problem arising now in medical and social security aspects. It is a problem that should be dealt with as soon as possible for the reason that the government is spending large amount of money and that health is considered a high priority for the benefits of the citizens. There are also issues regarding the inequalities in the medicare system. The government should protect its citizens through improving this type of services. The third problem I consider to be taken with high importance are issues between the Republicans and the Democrats which constitutes the political controversies covering all other problems America is facing. There are far more important issues than the rivalries between the two parties. With this, the politicians tend to focus on such issues and controversies, rather than solving the stateââ¬â¢s problems regarding the governmentââ¬â¢s inefficient services. Following this is the failing value of dollar. As a result of this, the economy of US is under a critical condition. If not solved, this may affect their domestic and international trades. The prices of services and goods may also increase, that may result to revolutions or the failure of the standard of living of the Americans. When this happens, it may cause the less competitiveness of their market to foreign trade. à à à à à à à à à à à The fifth problem I considered is the lack of preparedness and actions for natural disasters. The whole planet is under climate change and the people are not aware of what is it all about. The natural disasters now and stronger and are not detected and reported accurately. One example is the typhoon that hit a state in US wherein hundreds of people died and the government was unprepared, so the rescue operation and the services were of low quality. Not only that, the spread of information and educating the people about natural disasters is very minimal. Next is the poor control of government spending. Like the war in Iraq which cost them millions of dollars, but they failed to give justice to both sides. Also the funds they provide for space exploration in order to compete with other countries that are advancing in that field like Russia. Another is the fund for war weapons which are not rationally used, and gives high risk to the citizens security and health. à à à à à à à à à à à The seventh problem on my list is the human rights violation abroad brought by the wars launched during Bushââ¬â¢ administration. The war violated the human rights of almost all the population consisting Iraq. Its effects are long term because it has caused and American citizens residing in Middle East can be in danger for attacks as the result of the war.à Next is the lack of help in restoring the environment which is I think is connected with the issue on lack of preparedness. This is a problem because the whole planet is experiencing climate change, and given that US is a first world country and has a high contribution in the worldââ¬â¢s pollution, I think they should launch programs and lead other countries in restoring mother nature. The ninth on my list is the problem within family relations. There is an increase in the number of partners getting a divorce, though they have institutions to help these families, still it makes their moral standards low since children of broken families are the victims. The last problem is the illegal aliens inside their territory that may cheat taxes and commit crimes causing another set of problems to the nation. References The Real Problem Facing America. January 18, 2008 retrieved from http://gopublius.com/the-à à real-problem-facing-america/ Some More Information on the National Healthcare Planââ¬â How It Can Be Done. January 18, 2008 retrieved from http://www.blogs4me.com/johnnyangel/ Importance of Your Family History to Your Marriage. January 18, 2008 retrieved from http://marriage.about.com/od/familyoforigin/a/familyhistory.htm Top Ten US Natural Disasters. January 18, 2008 retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/environment/top10_naturaldisasterthreats_us.html stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-56418617435717338472020-01-09T03:23:00.001-08:002020-01-09T03:23:04.173-08:00Effective Dementia Care Essay - 1562 Words Dementia care offers support and services to an individual affected by the disease itself, which is dementia. It addresses the right and needs of the person with dementia and their families. Improving quality of life and changing attitudes towards dementia is the main goal of dementia care. Dementia care also provides quality of care, maintain dignity and promote health, security and comfort in consideration with the standard of care and ethical guidelines (Adams Manthorpe, 2003). Understanding dementia care is necessary for those health care providers who are planning to handle dementia patients. Care worker should know their duties and responsibilities and have the required knowledge and skills to establish quality care. To findâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It also shows the need for more effective treatment method to stabilize the disease process and provide quality care for dementia sufferers. To achieve effective and excellence care on dementia, biological, psychological and social approach to dementia has to consider because it provides an understanding to people with dementia and help improved health practice, treatment and support for better dementia care (Bowers Downs, 2008). Biological approach tackles the disease process of dementia, the cause of brain injury and the changes in behavior pattern of dementia sufferers. On the other hand, psychological approach to dementia involved the suffererââ¬â¢s reaction to the injury, how they accept it and deal the situation. It also covers the effect of the disease process on their communication and action in relation to others. Particularly, people with dementia, mostly feel embarrassed and depressed by their brain injury. They are often angry, agitated and frightened because of the disease but maybe it also means seeking help to avoid embarrassment and disgrace. Dementia care in social domain explains the right of the pe rson with dementia to enjoy and experience significant social interaction. Friendly environment and venues with sociable care provider that makes them comfortable and feels worthy is the focus. In addition, social identities of the people with dementia should be valued and socialShow MoreRelatedAnalysis and Description of Dementia Essay1741 Words à |à 7 PagesDementia is characterized as a condition where the mental processes of cognition and memory start to deteriorate. It is described as a syndrome that hinders the daily lives of those who have it and is characterized by memory and thinking impairment. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease and the second most common is vascular dementia. Dementia is a syndrome occurring usually, but not limited, to people over the age of 40 and is due to brain damage caused by natural deterioratingRead MoreEvaluate a Range of Ways to Embed Elements of Functional Skills in Your Specialist Area.625 Words à |à 3 Pa geswill evaluate two examples of activities which as a teacher will be embedded into the delivery of training to health and social care staff who work in the field of dementia. English: The use of the English language will be encouraged through effective listening , when giving knowledge about dementia, and communication through discussion. In my experience some care staff lack in confidence. Therefore by facilitating contribution to discussions and working in groups, in a safe environmentRead MoreThe Characteristics Of The Cognitive Disease1307 Words à |à 6 Pagesdisease is, it can be very mild or very devastating. These types of diseases happen in the brain because that is where cognitive productivity takes place. Dementia is a cognitive disease that comes in many forms and is one of the most common forms of disease that accompanies Alzheimerââ¬â¢s. It is estimated that around half of those diagnosed with Dementia or Alzheimerââ¬â¢s are institutionalized. (Sellers, 2006). Most commonly it starts in the memory, and as time goes on it gradually deteriorates the cognitionRead MoreA Reflection On Clinical Placement990 Words à |à 4 Pagesdiagnosis is deme ntia therefore, it may cause memory decline, poor judgment and decision making. Continuous patient teaching is extremely important to prevent any accidents. Elaborate and Describe: While assessing my patient I found that she is alert and oriented, she asking many questions but, do not understand the seriousness of head injury. I explained her that head injury may be mild or severe; she does not take it seriously stating I failed many times before . I know that dementia may affectRead MoreUnit 533 Understand the Process and Experience of Dementia1432 Words à |à 6 Pages | |533 |1.1 |There are many causes of dementia. Dementia is caused by changes to the brain; there are different | | | |types of Dementia. Vascular dementia is caused when the brains blood supply is disrupted, the brain| | | |does not get enough oxygen and brain cells die off. Lewys Body dementia is caused by lumps of | | | |protein in the brain which interfere withRead MoreCaring for Dementia Patients Long Term Care1161 Words à |à 5 PagesCaring for Dementia Patients Rodrick Williams English 122 Professor Susan Turner ââ¬â Colon Caring for Dementia Patient It can be very difficult caring for a patient with dementia. Most caregivers are unaware of the problems, they must face. A family member attempting to care for a loved one without training will eventually turn to a Nursing Home that has experienced staff in the care of dementia patients. Although many families feel a senseRead MoreEssay On Alzheimers828 Words à |à 4 Pagessuffering from Alzheimerââ¬â¢s are seeking ways to relieve their burden and improve their quality of life. An intervention which includes community resources such as, community support groups, adult day care, respite care services and nursing homes can be excellent resources to help people with dementia and enhancing caregiver coping skills; with the early diagnosis, the patients and families can gain benefits to these programs (BrightFocus, 2015). Pharmaceutical Industry The pharmaceutical industryRead MoreThe Use Of Music And Singing On Young Adults Written By Eells ( 2014 )1649 Words à |à 7 Pageswellbeing by alleviating pain, minimizing anxiety, and diverting attention from sad experiences (Mok and Wong, 2003, cited by Eells 2014). Dementia as the article noted is a universal problem affecting over 35 million people and the number increases annually. In the UK, it is expected that over a million will be affected by 2025 (Alzheimer Society 2007). Dementia causes progressive decline in cognitive functions and complicates the impact of sensory experience by affecting communication, memories,Read MoreTechnological Approaches For Dementia Patients845 Words à |à 4 PagesTechnological Approaches to Care of Dementia Patients Dementia describes a decline in mental ability. Alzheimer disease, which damages brain cells, is the major cause of dementia. It is estimated that around 850,000 people in UK developed dementia in 2015. The risks of developing dementia will increase by the comprehensive contributions of aging, risk genes, and unhealthy lifestyles. However, the medical treatments fails to cure dementia effectively for the mechanics of how dementia is developed is tooRead MoreOverview of Dementia Essay988 Words à |à 4 PagesIntroduction Margaret is a 77 year old who has a diagnosis of dementia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. She has been recently separated from her daughter who was her primary carer and her husband who were both unable to cope with her agitated behaviour. Margaret now resides in an age care facility. Margaretââ¬â¢s mental and emotional health is a cause for concern and the family are upset and are struggling with feelings of guilt and anger. This paper with discuss the intervention professional healthcare stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-23634930789798995942019-12-31T23:49:00.001-08:002019-12-31T23:49:03.127-08:00The Effects Of Bullying On The Media - 1443 Words Bullying, specifically teen bullying, has become a worldwide predicament. Nearly ââ¬Å"30 percent of teenagers in the U.S. have been involved in bullying, either as a bully or as a victim of teenage bullyingâ⬠(Bullying Statistics, 2015). Bullying makes individuals fearful and feel unsafe in their own environment. Often times, the media discusses bullying frequently. It has become a topic that has influenced the public perception. Bullying in the media has had some negative and positive effects. It has positively shown people that bullying is not inevitable nor unstoppable. The media also shows that it is not going unnoticed in society. The negative aspects tend to stereotype individuals who are bullied have a weakness predisposing that individual to bullying because they are flawed. Furthermore, the media and literature portray bullying in movies and books to let others feel as if they are not alone in this bullying epidemic, which pushes them further into isolation. I persona lly find myself believing that the exposure to bullying in the media gives society a chance to understand the harmful effects it can have on individuals. Furthermore, the media gives society a chance to understand how to prevent it and provide a safe environment for those exposed to bullying. This targets audiences of all ages because all play an integral part in halting bullying. What is bullying? As stated by the American Psychological Association (2015), ââ¬Å"bullying is a form of aggressive behavior inShow MoreRelatedHow Social Media Improved Communication? Essay876 Words à |à 4 PagesThe social media is one of the most common ways of communication and pretty much of knowing anything and everything around the world these days, and it is growing very rapidly. It changes and affects each person in a different way, or ways. Some may argue that social media has a bad influence on children and young adults, and that it negatively effects their brains, character, or personalities, while most people see that the social media has a more positive effect on them than a negative one. 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The mass use of media allows individuals toRead MoreEssay on Social Networking Causes Cyberbullying and Suicide506 Words à |à 3 Pages Social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Linked In, and Myspace have gained a widespread audience across the world. Although the original intentions of these social sites were positive, these mediums of social interaction now have negative effects. Young adults aged 14 ââ¬â 26 are the demographic which make up the vast majority of social media users and thus are the most effected by social media. Social media has negative effects on young adults. The use of social media by young adultsRead MoreCyber Bullying Is An Action Of Harassing Or Harming People Using Technology945 Words à |à 4 PagesCyber bullying is an action of harassing or harming people using technology. It is increasing with the increasing technology. People of all ages are victims for this where majority of them are teenagers. 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However, social networking sites such as Facebook have been found to have negative impacts on individualââ¬â¢s social and psychological well being including things such as basic empathetic social skills1Read MoreBullying Is A Growing Problem1000 Words à |à 4 PagesBullying in schools has become an increasing problem in American society. Bullying is the repetitive, aggressive behavior from one person to another. This can include leaving someone out intentionally, spreading rumors, assaulting a person physically and verbally, and threatening someone. Bullying can be executed in many different ways: online, physically, and verbally. The article, ââ¬Å"Bullying in Schools: An Overviewâ⬠, states, ââ¬Å"According to John A. Calhoun, pres ident and CEO of the National CrimeRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society Essay1396 Words à |à 6 PagesIn our modern world, the use of social media is overwhelming and second nature due to the availability. Several people all around the world possess some form of an electronic device that is capable of accessing social media, rather it be Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram, and many more. ââ¬Å"Technologyââ¬â¢s rampant popularization over the past decade in terms of social media has meant that texting, Facebook, and Twitter have inevitable taken over as the most efficient ways of communicating with eachRead MoreCyber Bullying : The Third Leading Cause Death For American Youths901 Words à |à 4 Pagesages of 10-24. Research has identified that bullying is an environmental stress that increases the risk of adolescent suicide substantially. Approximately 20-35% of adolescents report being involved in bullying as a bully, victim or both (Litwiller Brausch, 2013). Traditional forms of bullying include; physical bullying which involves the infliction of physical harm, emotional bullying which includes verbal harassment or teasing and social bullying when someone is purposefully excluded (Novick stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-70788580955234516812019-12-23T19:33:00.001-08:002019-12-23T19:33:04.245-08:00Abortion Should Not Be Legal - 1647 Words One of the most highly debated topics is abortion and whether or not it should be legal. People who oppose abortion, meaning they are pro-life claim that abortion should be completely illegal with no aspects of it whatsoever; it can be a murder for the people standing against it. The other side of the argument, meaning people who are pro-choice, defend it by believing it to be a right been given to the women. They also claim even if abortion was to be illegal, it would still be practiced. Every culture and society have their own issues taking abortion into consideration. Those who need to and want to do abortion will do it no matter what the restrictions are. It would just be done in a more dangerous manner. Abortion should be illegal, since killing a life by any means is morally wrong. However, it can be justified in the case of medical complications or as a result of rape or incest. The issue of abortion has to be understood and dealt accordingly. Social issues are apparently a part of the abortion debate, that involves the concept of social justice and equality. The decisions taken in regards to abortion can be due to lack of education level, socioeconomic status as well as the religion. Some societies are restricted to the laws and regulations related to the culture. The woman needs someone to console herself as well as support her emotionally and economically, it is hard to make both ends meet especially if the family or the society are against the decision. In myShow MoreRelatedAbortion Should Not Be Legal920 Words à |à 4 Pagesworld has struggled with for ages and one thing that people are advocating around the world for is abortion. Abortion is either a procedure or pill that stops a fetus s heart. Abortion should not be legal because life beings at creation, abortions are a direct violation of the 14th amendment, and thousands of people would love to adopt a child: handicapped or otherwise. Abortion should not be legal because life begins at creation. What is creation? Some people say conception, but it actually isRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1320 Words à |à 6 PagesAbortion, as you all may know, is a really popular topic. There have long been many debates between the two groups, pro-life and pro-choice. People who are pro-life believe that part of the governmentââ¬â¢s job is to protect all forms of human life. Those who are pro-choice believe that every individual should have control over their own reproductive systems. Pro-life supporters strongly believe that even an undeveloped fetus has life; it is still growing and it needs to be protected. And this soundsRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1217 Words à |à 5 PagesNovember 2015 Should Abortion be Legal Among all the issues that have been fought for or against in the United States, abortion may be one of the most popular issues that Americans are passionate about. Abortion is defined as the removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. Thousands of abortions take place every single day, and yet public opinion remains at a standstill as to whether or not abortion is ethical. Everyone holds different opinions on abortion. The proponentsRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal Essay1596 Words à |à 7 Pages Abortions have been performed on women for thousands of years. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Most often it is performed during the first 20 weeks of being pregnant. The controversy over whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans till this day. An important landmark case was the Roe v. Wade case, where the Court argued that the zone of privacy was broad enough to encompass a woman s decision whether or not to terminateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal? Essay1089 Words à |à 5 PagesWhen the word abortion is heard, it is always associated with many negative things such as murder and inhumanity. However not legalizing abortion creates a huge problem for women around the world. Having a child takes consideration, planning and preparation and if pregnancy happens without any of this, why bother to have it at all? The reasons why abortion should be legal is that it supports the fundamental human rights for women by giving them a choice, it reduces crime by reducing the number ofRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1135 Words à |à 5 PagesKelsi Hodgkin Composition 1 Professor Chipps 19 October 2015 Should Abortion Be Legal A common debate in the world today involves abortion, the deliberate end of human pregnancy, and whether or not it should be legalized. ââ¬Å"Every year in the world there are an estimated 40-50 million abortions. This corresponds to approximately 125,000 abortions per dayâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Abortions Worldwide this Yearâ⬠). On one side of the argument, people are not disturbed by this grotesque number, and on theRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?963 Words à |à 4 PagesLegal or Illegal? Which would you prefer? Not many are willing to discuss such a gut wrenching topic, but this needs to be addressed. It is a very controversial topic with having to do with women rights and activists. Since there are two sides to every argument, there is one side such as to make abortion legal and the opposing side to keep abortions illegal. In my opinion making abortion illegal can regulate the amount of women who do get pregnant. I believe that making abortions legal will let womenRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?867 Words à |à 4 PagesABORTION Abortion is a deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. There are series of legal, moral and ethical issues which may arise about abortion. Most arguments about abortion are often focused on political insinuations and the legal aspect of such actions. Some frequently asked questionsââ¬â¢ regarding the issue is if the practice should be outlawed and regarded as murder or should women have the right to practice it. For example, prior toRead MoreShould Abortions Be Legal?939 Words à |à 4 PagesShould abortions be legal? Abortions have been a big issue since the Roe v Wade case. There have been a lot of disagreements between the Pro-life supporters and the pro-choice supporters. Pro-life supporters feel like abortions deter murder, while pro-choice supporters believe that the women should be able to make their own decisions. I am a part of the pro-life supporters because I feel like abortions are wrong for several of reasons. Why should women get an abortion if there are other choices forRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1052 Words à |à 5 PagesAbortion is a personal matter and is a very sacred and sensitive topic. The deliberate termination of a human pregnancy is what we know of as an abortion. Although abortion is considered to be immorally wrong to some people, it should be a fundamental right for women to control their own bodies. Abortions are one of the many things that everyone has an opinion on. It is one of the most controversial topics anyone will not agree upon. When abortion is discussed, people tend to assume one of two positions: stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-4114460163158417052019-12-15T16:03:00.001-08:002019-12-15T16:03:04.812-08:00Same-sex Marriage in the Philippines Free Essays Most senatorial bets against same-sex marriage; Enrile is lone supporter ANDREO CALONZO, GMA NewsMarch 18, 2013 12:48pm 145 6 838 (Updated 11:17 p. m. ) Most senatorial bets for the May 2013 polls rejected the legalization of same-sex marriage in the Philippines, with Cagayan Rep. We will write a custom essay sample on Same-sex Marriage in the Philippines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jack Enrile the only candidate expressing support for gay union, interviews conducted by GMA News Online revealed. Twenty-four of the 33 senatorial hopefuls said they are not keen on giving same-sex couples the chance to get married in the country, where over 80 percent of the citizens are Roman Catholics. Bangon Pilipinas senatorial candidate Eddie Villanueva, a religious leader who founded the Jesus is Lord Church, said he is against same-sex marriage because it is against Biblical teachings. ââ¬Å"Sabi ng Good Book, huwag gayahin ââ¬Ëyung nangyari sa Sodom and Gomorrah dahil darating ang paggunaw sa isang bansa ââ¬Ëpag ââ¬Ëyun ay ginawa,â⬠Villanueva said in an interview. Ang Kapatiran Party senatorial bet Rizalito David, meanwhile, said same-sex marriage is ââ¬Å"against natural law. â⬠ââ¬Å"Ang lalaki, ang mapapangasawa niya ay babae, at silaââ¬â¢y mag-aanak at dadami ang sangkatauhan. Yan ang naturang batas at hindi kailanman nagkaroon sa natural law na pwede ang parehong babae o parehong lalaki,â⬠David said in a separate interview. Davidââ¬â¢s party lists in its political platform a ââ¬Å"spiritual dimensionâ⬠to ââ¬Å"seek first the Kingdom of God and His righteousness. â⬠The issue on same-sex marriage recently came back to public attention with the election of a new head of the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Francis. As a cardinal, the new pontiff openly opposed a bill to legalize same-sex unions in Argentina. He even described child adoption by couples of the same-sex as a form of discrimination to the child. A chance for happinessââ¬â¢ Only one senatorial hopeful, Cagayan Rep. Jack Enrile, said he supports the legalization of gay unions in the Philippines. ââ¬Å"Letââ¬â¢s give everybody a chance for happiness. Let us not discriminate. If it is your inclination to be happy with a man, why discriminate against that? â⬠Enrile said in a separate interview. He said his view on same-sex marriage was influenced by the years he spent living in the United States. ââ¬Å"I have seen in other countries couples of the same sex who have lived very upright lives and raised children,â⬠he explained. Legal recognitionââ¬â¢ Makabayan senatorial hopeful and Bayan Muna Rep. Teodoro Casino, who did not have a categorical stand on the issue, said he is open to giving some sort of ââ¬Å"legal recognitionâ⬠to couples of the same sex. ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s something I still have to study and learn. Iââ¬â¢m willing to hear both sides, what the benefits and disadvantages are. I have an open mind,â⬠Casino said. Liberal Party senatorial bet Paolo Benigno ââ¬Å"Bamâ⬠Aquino IV, who rejected same-sex marriage, meanwhile said he is open to giving ââ¬Å"some rightsâ⬠to ââ¬Å"long-termâ⬠same-sex couples. Former Akbayan Rep. Risa Hontiveros, who is also running under the administration slate, for her part said she ââ¬Å"upholds the rights of same-sex couples to form families,â⬠but added that passing an anti-discrimination bill in the country may be the proper first step towards allowing gay unions in the Philippines. ââ¬â DVM/RSJ, GMA News Donââ¬â¢t expect Obamaââ¬â¢s endorsement of same-sex marriage to have an impact here. It was a historical and an inspiring gesture, one that would galvanize a changing cultural perspective on same-sex relationships inside and outside America. Here, it would spark debates on our readiness for same-sex marriage, but donââ¬â¢t hold your breath: it wonââ¬â¢t alter anything here fundamentally. Donââ¬â¢t even think that this would suddenly lead President Aquino to push his allies in Congress to enact a law legalizing same-sex marriage. It just wonââ¬â¢t happen. This is not to say that the social attitudes and behavior of Filipinos toward homosexuality and same-sex marriage are not changing. They are, and social media has triggered a shift in how we digest controversial topics that in the past have been filtered and controlled by traditional institutions, such as the Church and our schools. Iââ¬â¢m not saying that Filipinos are now more pro-LGBT, but the overall mood is changing, and thereââ¬â¢s more openness to engage in an issue that is still otherwise considered taboo. Social media has democratized access to a wider range of narratives and stories on LGBTs and made them part of our common experiences, creating a climate that could help dismantle oppressive stereotypes about homosexuality. The bullying of LGBT kids in American schools, for instance, a Canadian transgender joining the Miss Universe, the coming out of Hollywood celebrities ââ¬â these have all catalyzed conversations here. And while we know that these happened elsewhere, we have embraced the universal elements of these stories. More importantly, social media has given us access to participate in these conversations. To respond to a homophobic slur in the past meant writing press releases or letters to the editors, the fate of which would depend on the mood of the editors. Today, Facebook and Twitter could help anyone ââ¬â the in-your-face LGBT activist, the closeted bakla, and their fag hags ââ¬â push alternative perspectives on LGBTs, and influence how opinion gatekeepers and icons see the issue. Why the difficulty? If social attitudes are gradually shifting, why then is it hard to push for LGBT rights and same-sex marriage here in the Philippines? Many would automatically blame the Catholic taliban, and how it has been trying to control our political institutions. I think it is a wrong framing of the problem, and it grants the Catholic hierarchy a degree of influence that doesnââ¬â¢t exist. The Church has no control over public opinion, as proven by the continuing popularity of the RH Bill despite the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippinesââ¬â¢s opposition to it and by the failure of the Catholic Church to mobilize the so-called ââ¬Å"Catholic vote. What we perceive to be the Churchââ¬â¢s political influence in fact indicates a fundamental weakness in our political institutions, a democratic flaw that makes our system beholden to interest groups like the Catholic taliban. The Church is powerful; the problem is that the state is weak. Legal recognition of same-sex partnerships, whether through marriage or civil unions, would not happen by engaging or reforming the Catholic hierarchy. It is after all the business of the Church hierarchy to be dogmatic, and we should just let it collapse under the weight of its internal contradictions. We should be engaging and reforming the state and make it modern, inclusive, and truly representative. Strategic battleground For the LGBT community, that would require a change in strategy. One, it means that LGBTs must reframe the debate on homosexuality along secular and non-religious terms. While I understand why Catholic LGBTs want to carve a more tolerant space within the Catholic faith, the more strategic battleground is in the Constitution, not the Bible. Same-sex marriage is understandably a sensitive religious issue, but it is above all about our sectarian values ââ¬â about basic fairness and our constitutional rights, about human dignity regardless of the sex of the people we love. Two, we need to be more forthright about gay love and gay sex. For many years, LGBT activists have skirted the issue of same-sex partnerships and gay marriage as a non-priority, relegating it under more crucial issues, like discrimination in schools and the workplace. This sends the wrong signal ââ¬â that same-sex partnerships are secondary and unimportant, when ironically the root of discrimination against LGBTs is the rejection of same-sex partnerships, both the sexual and romantic sides of it. We need to embrace gay sex and gay love and feel less guilty about them. A modern state, embracing gay sex and gay love. Who said that marriage is easy? ââ¬â Rappler. com (The author is coordinator of Akbayanââ¬â¢s LGBT Collective and a member of the Philippine National AIDS Council. ) BY JONAS BAGAS POSTED ON 05/11/2012 4:04 PM | UPDATED 05/13/2012 10:45 PM Updated March 2013 Quick facts on key provisions State law and/or constitutional provision limits marriage to relationships between a man and a woman: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California*, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming California voters adopted a constitutional provision limiting marriage to relationships between a man and a woman in November 2008. This provision was challenged in federal court and ruled unconstitutional. Enforcement of this decision has been delayed pending a U. S. Supreme Court decision on the case. Supreme Court hearings are scheduled for March 2013 and a decision is expected by June 2013. State issues marriage licenses to same-sex couples: Connecticu t, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont, Washington and the District of Columbia States allows civil unions, providing state-level spousal rights to same-sex couples: Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, New Jersey, Rhode Island Three of these states (Delaware, Hawaii and Illinois) also have laws limiting marriage to relationships between a man and a woman. Note: In Connecticut, Vermont and New Hampshire, same-sex marriage has replaced civil unions. State grants nearly all state-level spousal rights to unmarried couples (domestic partnerships)*: California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington** **Effective June 30, 2014 domestic partnerships in Washington will be limited to couples who are 62 years of age or older. State provides some state-level spousal rights to unmarried couples (domestic partnerships)*: Hawaii, Maine, Wisconsin and the District of Columbia State legislatures have been deeply involved in the public debates about how to define marriage and whether the official recognition of ââ¬Å"marriageâ⬠should be limited to relationships involving one man and one woman or that same-sex couples should also be entitled to ââ¬Å"marriage. â⬠State legislatures have gone both ways in this debate: either enacting ââ¬Å"defense of marriageâ⬠laws and constitutional provisions or, going the opposite direction, adopting laws allowing same sex marriage. Five states have adopted civil unions for same-sex couples that provide the same legal rights as marriage. Most states have adopted prohibitions of same-sex marriage. Most states do so by adopting ââ¬Å"defense of marriageâ⬠language that defines marriage in their state constitution and/or state law in a way similar to the language in the federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) ââ¬âââ¬Å"the word ââ¬Ëmarriageââ¬â¢ means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife. â⬠Other states prohibit same sex marriages or marriages between persons of the same sex or gender. Thirty states have placed that language in their state constitutions (26 of these states also have statutory provisions adopting this language). A further eight states have statutory language adopting the restrictive language. Note that this count does include California, where federal courts have invalidated a 2008 initiative that added constitutional language defining marriage as limited to unions involving one man and one woman. The challenge to that constitutional provision is to be heard by the U. S. Supreme Court in 2013. Nine states and the District of Columbia currently allow same-sex marriages. In Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Iowa, the statesââ¬â¢ highest courts ruled that the state constitution required that same-sex couples be accorded the same marriage rights as opposite-sex couples. In Vermont, New Hampshire, the District of Columbia and New York, Maryland and Washington, legislative bodies have passed statutory changes that allow same-sex marriages. In Maine, the legislature passed a same-sex marriage law in 2009, which was repealed in a voter referendum. In 2012, Maine voteres reversed course and approved a same-sex marriage statute. Same-sex marriages are currently being performed in those states. Several states have also expanded the legal rights available to spouses in same-sex relationships while also limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples with civil unions and domestic partnerships. Same Sex Marriages in the Philippines (Affrmative) Resolved: Same sex marriages should be legalized in the Philippines. Let me start with a quote. If homosexuality is a disease, letââ¬â¢s all call in queer to work: ââ¬Å"Hello. Canââ¬â¢t work today, still queer. â⬠That was by Robin Tyler. Instead of saying hey, Iââ¬â¢m pulling off a sickie today, you say hey, sorry if I canââ¬â¢t go to workââ¬âIââ¬â¢m still gay. Can you imagine that kind of situation? If so, letââ¬â¢s start asking ourselves today. Why do homosexuals have to be discriminated anyway? Do they harm you or anyone in the society you live in? Same sex marriages have been an issue in the Philippines for a long time now, but since we live in a predominantly Christian country, people simply avoid further discussion of such. According to the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of Philippines, Article 2, Section 6; the separation of the church and state shall be inviolable. Meaning, no matter how grave the social issue may be, the church can never contradict the decision of the government and vice versa. It has been widely understood that the Roman Catholic church will always be against same sex marriages considering the fact that their beliefs and principles are based from the sacred scripture. However, citizens who do not opt to engage into religious ceremonies have the option to be conjugated by means of civil wedding. It has been said under Article 7 of The Family Code of the Philippines, that marriage may be officiated by a person other than a priest, rabbi, imam or minister. Included are any incumbent members of the judiciary within the courtââ¬â¢s jurisdiction. How to cite Same-sex Marriage in the Philippines, Essay examples stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-67248837068732408312019-12-07T12:47:00.001-08:002019-12-07T12:47:04.258-08:00The impact of the dingo on the ethylamine - MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss aboutThe impact of the dingo on the ethylamine. Answer: Introduction The thylacine, which is commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger (due to its stripped lower back) or the Tasmanian wolf, was the largest known carnivorous marsupial of the modern times. It is believed that Tasmanian tigers became extinct in the 20h century and was the last surviving member of its family. According to the surviving evidences, the Tasmanian tigers were quite shy, nocturnal creatures, having an appearance like that of a medium to larger size dog (Smaill, 2015). Its stiff tail, abdominal pouch and dark strips that radiated from the top of its back made gave it a look similar to a tiger. Like the tigers and wolves of the Northern Hemisphere, the thylacine was an apex predator (Menzies, 2012). Thus it obtained its two common names. They became extremely rare or extinct on the Australian mainland before the British settlement, but survived in the island of Tasmania. The following paragraphs will provide a critical analysis on the possibility of the existence of the Tasmanian t igers in the remote areas of the Australian mainland. Critical review Reasons for extinction of the Tasmanian Tigers The extinction of the Tasmanian tigers is the last chapter of an old story that is thousands of years in the training. According to recent history, the existence of the Tasmanian tigers was limited to the island of Tasmania. But once upon a time, these creatures lived in the Australian mainland and even in Papua New Guinea as well. According to scientists, these creatures were hunted and killed by humans and dingoes, leading to the extinction of the Tasmanian tigers in those areas (Fillios, Crowther Letnic, 2012). Due to absence of dingoes and a low human population in Tasmania, it became the last place for refuge to the Tasmanian tigers. By the time the British settled at Tasmania, only 5000 of the Tasmanian tigers were estimated to be left. The British settlement marked the beginning of for the extinction of the Tasmanian tiger. The British brought large amounts of livestock with them and thought that the Tasmanian tigers were fearsome livestock killers like the western wolves and coyotes. Though the tigers did kill some livestock, but the numbers were very less (Letnic, Fillios Crowther, 2012). Due to these fears, the Tasmanian Government responded by instituting a bounty system and paid more than 2180 bounties. Moreover, the British had brought dogs with them, which also contributed in the extinction of the Tasmanian tigers through direct competition and by introducing new diseases (Minteer, 2015). Reports had shown that distemper like diseases killed many Tasmanian tigers before completely wiping out its whole existence. One of the main reasons for the extinction of the Tasmanian tigers was their inability to breed fast. Their breeding capability was not fast enough for replacing the population at the rate it was falling. The size of the females was comparatively smaller than the males and it was another reason for the extinction of the Tasmanian tigers as it became easier for the doges and dingoes to kill them (Sandler, 2014). Due to the high diminishin g rate of Tasmanian tigers, the people began to realize what was happening. Zoos around the globe began to preserve live specimens, while they still had a chance and there was series of lucrative trade for the few last animals left. Benjamin was the last live specimen of the Tasmanian tigers, who was held in Hobart zoo in its native Tasmania (Wojahn, 2016). During the time Benjamin was in the zoo, the Tasmanian Government came to its senses and decided to pass legislations for the protection of the Tasmanian tigers. But it was too late. Just 59 days after the legislation was passed as a law, a negligent zookeeper locked out Benjamin out of his sheltered area on a cold night and Benjamin died of the exposure. Hence, this incident marked the death of the last remaining Tasmanian tiger in 1936. Possibility of existence of Tasmanian tigers in Australian mainland All though, with the death of Benjamin, the last remaining Tasmanian tiger, the Tasmanian tigers became extinct, there have been various reports that show that the Tasmanian tigers still exist in the Australian mainland. Various video footages, pictures and sightings state that there is a possibility of the existence of the thylacine i.e. the Tasmanian tigers in the Australian mainland (Sherkow Greely, 2013). Evidences of existence According to the reports of the Australian Rare fauna Research, there have been 3800 Tasmanian tiger sightings on file form the Australian mainland since the extinction date of 1936 and the Mystery Animals Research Centre of Australia recorded 138 sightings up to 1998 (Smith, 2012). Moreover, the Department of Conservation and land management recorded 65 sightings, over the same period, in Western Australia. In addition, Buck and Joan Emburg, individual thylacine researchers, reported about 360 Tasmanian and 269 mainland, post-extinction 20th century sightings and figures, collected from several sources. Most of the mainland sightings are reported from Southern Victoria, Australia. Apart from these reports, few other sightings in 1973 also resulted in large publicity. Gary and Liz Doyle shot a ten seconds 8 mm film that showed an unknown animal running alongside a road in South Australia. But it was impossible to identify whether it was a thylacine or not due to the bad quality of the film (Jrgensen, 2016). One of the researchers of the Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service saw an animal at night for three minutes near Arthur River in northwestern Tasmania, which he believed to be a thylacine in 1985, due to which a government funded search was initiated. An Aboriginal tracker, Kevin Cameron produced five photographs that showed a digging Tasmanian tiger in Western Australia in 1985. In 1997, missionaries and locals of Mount Carstensz in Western New Guinea had reported about thylacine sightings. In February, 2005 a tourist from German claimed to have clicked a digital picture of a thylacine near Lake St Clair National Park, but the photos were not established as authentic photos. These photos were published after fourteen months in April 2006. The photos only showed the back of the animal and according to the persons studying the photos they were not inconclusive as an evidence for the existence of the thylacine. Due to the uncertainty about the continued existence of the species, the thylacine is sometimes regarded as a cryptid (Carthey Banks, 2014). Furthermore, in 2008, a group of thylacines was captured on video tape in Victoria, Australia. But, again, the footage was not clear and due to such reasons no conformation can be made about the existence of the Tasmanian tigers. Based on one of the sightings in 1983 from the Cape York Peninsula of mainland Australia, a group ofmanagementled by Bill Laurence announced for surveying the area, suing camera traps, for finding thylacine existence in 2017 (Prowse, 2013). The above evidence signifies the importance to preserve such species and ensure their existence is safe and secure. It is equally imperative to comprehend the probable risk that tigers pose to humankind. However, considering the present population trend of the species, it is important to develop conservation action that is essential to enhance tolerance for the Tasmanian tigers. This can only be achieved through community support involvement in and support for the tiger conservation initiatives. Arguments Therefore, the Tasmanian tigers were last seen over 2000 years ago. As stated earlier, after the British settlement in Australia, the Tasmanian tigers began to take refuge in the isolated islands of Tasmania. The few last Tasmanian tigers also began to become extinct after the British arrived Tasmanian islands. Benjamin, the last surviving Tasmanian tiger, was held in a zoo in Tasmania also died in 1936. This year marked the extinction of the Tasmanian tigers and since the no Tasmanian tiger has been seen. This historical facts and incidents prove that the creature has become extinct and in the present day, its existence can be found only in the form of fossils. But, on the other hand, in the post extinction period after 1936, sightings of Tasmanian tigers in many Australian mainland areas have been reported by various institutions and individuals by way of video tapes, photographs and films. But unfortunately, the sightings failed to prove the continued existence of the Tasmanian ti gers, as the videos, films and photographs were of poor quality. Moreover, based on such reports, findings have been made but, nothing could be found (Welch, 2015). Hence, it cannot be clearly stated that the Tasmanian tigers still exist, as no authentic proof of their continued survival could be established till now. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is clear that the Tasmanian tigers became extinct with the death of Benjamin, the last surviving Tasmanian tiger, in 1936. After 1936, there were various reports on sightings of the Tasmanian tigers. Some of these sightings were recorded in the form of pictures, videos and films but were unable to prove the continued existence of the Tasmanian tigers. Although, the sightings did not confirm anything regarding the existence of the Tasmanian tigers, most of them were reported from various areas of the Australian mainland. The Government along with various scientists have been planning searches by way of camera traps for finding the continued existence of the Tasmanian tigers as a large number of reports from various Australian mainland areas state sightings of the Tasmanian tigers. Although, it is not yet proved that the Tasmanian tigers still exists in the Australian mainland, reports of so many sightings in the Australian mainland can make it possible fo r the Tasmanian tigers to be still in existence in the Australian mainland. References: Carthey, A. J., Banks, P. B. (2014). Navet in novel ecological interactions: lessons from theory and experimental evidence.Biological Reviews,89(4), 932-949. Fillios, M., Crowther, M. S., Letnic, M. (2012). The impact of the dingo on the thylacine in Holocene Australia.World Archaeology,44(1), 118-134. Jrgensen, D. (2016). Presence of Absence, Absence of Presence, and Extinction Narratives.Nature, Temporality and Environmental Management: Scandinavian and Australian Perspectives on Peoples and Landscapes, 45-58. Letnic, M., Fillios, M., Crowther, M. S. (2012). Could direct killing by larger dingoes have caused the extinction of the thylacine from mainland Australia?.PLoS One,7(5), e34877. Menzies, B. R., Renfree, M. B., Heider, T., Mayer, F., Hildebrandt, T. B., Pask, A. J. (2012). Limited genetic diversity preceded extinction of the Tasmanian tiger.PLoS One,7(4), e35433. Minteer, B. A. (2015). The perils of de-extinction.Minding Nature,8(1), 11-17. Prowse, T. A., Johnson, C. N., Lacy, R. C., Bradshaw, C. J., Pollak, J. P., Watts, M. J., Brook, B. W. (2013). No need for disease: testing extinction hypotheses for the thylacine using multi?species metamodels.Journal of Animal Ecology,82(2), 355-364. Sandler, R. (2014). The ethics of reviving long extinct species.Conservation Biology,28(2), 354-360. Sherkow, J. S., Greely, H. T. (2013). What if extinction is not forever?.Science,340(6128), 32-33. Smaill, B. (2015). Tasmanian tigers and polar bears: The documentarymanagement moving image and (species) loss.NECSUS. European Journal of Media Studies,4(1), 145-162. Smith, N. (2012). The return of the living dead: unsettlement and the Tasmanian tiger.Journal of Australian Studies,36(3), 269-289. Welch, D. M. (2015). Thy Thylacoleo is a thylacine.Australian Archaeology,80(1), 40-47. Wojahn, D. (2016). Two-Minute Film of the Last Tasmanian Tiger.Ploughshares,42(1), 165-166. stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-6383856784091331842019-11-30T00:29:00.001-08:002019-11-30T00:29:04.172-08:00The Black Plague Essay Example For Students The Black Plague Essay The Black Plague: From the early fourteenth to late seventeenth century, Europe was decimated by one of the most horrifying pestilences human kind has ever known(Coulton 493). The killers name was later to be recognized by the detrimental consummation it had seized upon a persons life. It was known as the Black Plague. This terrible epidemic exhausted small towns across Europe, including the British Isles, brutally killing an incredulous amount of people. The disease had wiped out entire villages leaving dead bodies to decompose within the gutters of streets and corners of allies(Ziegler 17). Though people were introduced to the severity of the plague, they were still mystified as to the causes of the deadly disease. Because of this fact, a parade of unconfirmed myths and questionable facts had arisen concerning the sources of the abhorrent epidemic for over five centuries(Coulton 493). In the nineteenth century, the causes of the terrifying pestilence was discovered and the Black De ath was no longer a conundrum. One myth, of the origin of the deadly plague was said to be a result of medieval gas warfare. Yet another myth, stated that the murderous disease was an aftereffect of a great earthquake that occurred in Europe. Scientists even believed that the epidemic was caused by Paolilli 2heaps of unburned corpses left in churchyards(Beatty and Marks 80). The last proven cause of the pestilence was found to be a disease of rats and other related animals(Rowling 186). One of the myths as to the cause of the Black Plague is quite an unusual story that was formed by peoples unexplainable imaginations. One of the probable derivations of the epidemic supposedly was born in a terrible war that had occurred between the deadly waters of the Indian Ocean and the sun(Ziegler 14). The immense waters of the treacherous blue ocean were lifted up like a solid wall of concrete to fight the flaming sun. As the wall stood in the midst of the air still touching the base of the wat er, dangerous vapors began to disperse from the water. The high winds spurred the poisonous fumes spurred out in every direction(Ziegler 14). The plague reached the nearby lands and the epidemic began to take its murderous route. This myth arose from small villages as people spread rumor after rumor from the stories they had once heard as to the unexplainable causes of the plague. Though this tale is entirely nonsensical, people were still mystified because of the secrecy as to the causes that they were eager to believe any explanation that there was to offer concerning the deadly plague. Paolilli 3Another myth, as to the beginning of the dreadful virus, is it arose from poisonous fumes as a direct result of earthquakes that occurred during the Medieval times. It was stated that a horrendous amount of pressure had been building up underneath the Earth for several years(Ziegler 21). Poisonous gases then began to stir amongst each other. Then terrible earthquakes had rocked Europe and the poisonous fumes, that were once enclosed by the several layers of earth, were now being released through cracks into the atmosphere. This viperous cloud streamed across Europe and killed each individual who it met(Ziegler 21). We will write a custom essay on The Black Plague specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Next, it was stated that the epidemic was caused by innumerable layers of unburned corpses that were left in churchyards(Beatty and Marks 81). A man named Galen had stated, The infection arose from Inspiration of air infected with a putrid exhalation. The beginning of the putrescence may be a multitude of unburned corpses, as may happen in war; or the exhalations of marshes and ponds in the summer'(Ziegler 22). A Dr. Crighton also supported the findings th..at the plague had originated within the piles of dead corpses that were left unburied. He stated that specific incidents that would explain the tremendous amount of people left dead are directly related to the tragedies that had struck Paolilli 4China(Ziegler 24). He also concluded that, the probable reason why there was such a high death rate among church affiliated persons is the dead were buried in churchyards where the priests and monks lived close to. The church related people had obtained cadaveric poisoning from the enormou s amount of dead bodies and diseases that lied within the corpses. .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d , .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d .postImageUrl , .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d , .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d:hover , .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d:visited , .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d:active { border:0!important; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d:active , .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u788b2dbdde3ea14f0dd35f577bd1575d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child prostitution and pornography in Southeast As EssayFinally, the real truth to the origin of the Black Plague was found essentially to be a pestilence of rats and other small related animals(Rowling 186). This theory somewhat coincides with the previous idea of the birthplace of the epidemic being found in the mounds of dead bodies, and also the incredibly high death rate that was cradled in Central Asia between 1338 and 1339(Beatty and Marks 72). The origin of the plague began when a bacteria known as Pasteurella Pestis, which formed itself within the piles of dead corpses, had found its home either in the bloodstream of an animal or the stomach of a flea(Ziegler 25). During the time of the deaths in 1338 and 1339 in Central Asia, near Lake Issyk-Koul, the rat was in great abundance and in turn, so were the fleas(Beatty and Marks 72). The fleas carried this deadly virus within their bloodstream(Coulton 493). They would attack countless numbers of rats by protruding their skin and transferring the epidemic into the rats body(Rowling 186). Then a Paolilli 5massive exodus(Ziegler 26) took place where the carrier of the disease, the black rat, made a tremendous move to a different various parts of Europe, including the British Isles, for a reason that is still a mystery. The Plague Research Commission of 1910 commented the transference of infected rats and fleas in merchandise or, in the case of fleas, on the body of a human being is a probable cause of the spread of the deadly virus(Ziegler 27). So basically, people had received the disease from rats poisoning a persons food and living within their homes. It was incredible easy for a person to beco me infected with the disease. The disease continuously dispersed itself across the continent of Europe by repeating this process continuously(Rowling 188). In conclusion, the Black Death became known as one of the most mysterious and deadliest plagues to ever touch our world. In medieval Europe, during this time, the epidemic drastically decreased the population in Europe leaving only a sparse number of people to remain(Rowling 188). It had terrified the hearts of every person in Europe to know that an unexplainable disease, of that magnitude, was out there. The once positive outlook people had on the life of the thirteenth century had perished along with the many lives the plague took along with it(Rowling 188). The mystery of the causes of the plague took over five centuries to uncover. Several unjustifiable phenomenon and myths were devised during this period concerning the causes of this disease. To this day, people still find it mind-shattering to believe the magnitude the dise ase had upon an entire continent and the number of deaths it had caused. BibliographyBeatty, William K., and Geoffrey Marks. Epidemics. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1976. Coulton, G.G. Medieval Panorama: The English Scene From Conquest to Reformation. New York: W.W. Norton and Company Inc., 1974. Rowling, Majorie. Everyday life in Medieval Times. New York: Dorset Press, 1968. Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1969. stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-86096246691876381992019-11-25T22:27:00.001-08:002019-11-25T22:27:05.157-08:00Starbucks Marketing Strategy How to Create a Remarkable BrandStarbucks Marketing Strategy How to Create a Remarkable Brand Starbucks is one of the most recognizable brandsà in the world. Their brand recognition has reached epic heights thanks to the strength of their marketing and their commitment to keeping their brand consistent. Not all of us have multi-million dollar marketing budgets, which makes replicating Starbucksââ¬â¢ marketing tactics at the same level nearly impossible. However, there are some basic core principles behind the Starbucks marketing strategy that nearly any brand can borrow and implement. In this post, weââ¬â¢ll cover how their commitment to consistent branding made Starbucks the successful brand it is today. Weââ¬â¢ll also go over the tactics they are currently using that are continuing their tradition. Plus, weââ¬â¢ll cover actionable takeaways you can use to implement those marketing strategies and basic branding principles yourself. Whats ? is the industrys leading marketing calendar platform, helping over 8000+ marketers get organized. See how you can plan content + social media marketing better. How can you build a brand like Starbucks? Start learning here:Download Your Marketing Strategy Template Bundle Once youââ¬â¢ve read how Starbucks has mastered the art ofà branding and marketing strategy, use these templates to get organized, document your strategy, and build brand consistency into everything you do. In this bundle, youââ¬â¢ll receive: A marketing strategy template to format all your ideas into a workable outline for you and your team to follow. A marketing calendarà template to organize all your projects. A brand style guide template to help your marketing team maintain branding consistency. Each of these templates will help you get your marketing team organized and outline the expectationsà that need to be met to keep everything consistent. Starbucks Marketing Strategy: How to Create a Remarkable BrandThe History Of Starbucks Starbucks was founded in 1971 by Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl, and Gordon Bowker. At first, the coffee company only sold coffee beans and didnââ¬â¢t offer the premium coffee drinks it's known for now. The famous logo, inspired by Norse woodcuttingà that contained a siren, the mermaid-like figure has been with the company since its inception (although it has undergone a few redesigns). In 1986, the original owners sold Starbucks to former manager Howard Schultz, who took the brand and helped build it into the coffee behemoth it is today. Here is a brief overview of the growth the company has experienced in the last 47 years: stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-54406942241696080272019-11-22T05:51:00.001-08:002019-11-22T05:51:06.025-08:00Bariatric Surgery Things You Should Be Aware OfBariatric Surgery Things You Should Be Aware Of When all other measures fail to control morbid obesity, weight loss surgery is a source of hope to the overweight. American doctors perform weight loss surgery over 140,000 times a year. The oldest form of weight loss surgery is the most familiar, stomach stapling. In this 30-year-old procedure, most of the stomach is sliced and then stapled shut. After the procedure, only a small pouch remains. Shrinking the stomach so it can only hold half a cup of food makes it easier to feel full. In fact, most people who have weight loss surgery feel full after eating the amount of food that you could put on a coffee saucer. It becomes impossible to eat more than two quarter-cup servings (about 50 grams altogether) of anything at a single meal. Weight loss follows calorie restriction. The newer and now more common form of weight loss surgery, the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, also makes the stomach surgically smaller. In this procedure, however, the stomach is not dissected and stapled shut. In this newer form of weight loss surgery, the stomach is cut and sutured, or sewn, and the intestines are moved so that the end of the stomach is connected farther down the intestine. This procedure leaves a smaller stomach that fills more quickly. It also leaves a shorter length of intestine to absorb fats (and other nutrients) from the smaller amounts of food that are eaten. With this form of weight loss surgery, you dont just eat less. Your intestines absorb less of the food you do eat. Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery produces quicker and more significant weight loss than just stapling or banding the stomach. Theres also a third approach to weight loss surgery, the lap band. The benefit of the lap band is that the weight loss surgery to install it can be laparoscopic, that is, done through an incision as little as one inch (25 mm) wide. Lap band surgery can even be an outpatient procedure, with the patient going home the same day. After lap band surgery, many patients go back to work in three to four days and resume all normal activities (except eating) within a week. The other gastric bypass procedures require a minimum of four days in the hospital and six to eight weeks before resuming an active lifestyle. Another advantage of lap band surgery is a much lower risk of infection. Lap band surgery goes around the stomach, not into the stomach. The bacteria in the stomach do not leak into other parts of the body, and the risk of infection is greatly reduced. Lap band surgery is much less painful than the other procedures. And since pain in the muscles is so much less, patients are very unli kely to develop pneumonia or other breathing problems. The disadvantage of lap band bariatric surgery is that not everyone can have it. The FDA at one time required that recipients of lap band bariatric procedures be at least 18 and no more than 50 years of age. Its also utterly essential not to be allergic to the material used to make the band. And if you overeat after you have a lap band in place, the effect is a little like pulling a napkin through a napkin ring. Too much food can stretch the band so that it damages the stomach. Lap band surgery is easier, but requires more discipline. There is no form of weight loss surgery that is a complete cure for obesity all by itself. Lifetime attention to diet and exercise are still necessary. But successful weight loss surgery can give you the boost you need to regain control of your life and become truly, lastingly, healthily thin. The Promise and Potential of Fat Surgery When Diets Fail When all other measures fail to control morbid obesity, weight loss surgery or fat surgery is a source of hope to the overweight. American doctors perform surgical procedures to make weight loss easier well over 100,000 times a year. The oldest form of fat surgery is the most familiar, stomach stapling. In this well-established procedure, most of the stomach is sliced and then stapled shut. After this form of fat surgery, only a small pouch of the stomach remains connected to the esophagus. The newly resized stomach can only hold half a cup of food. Having a smaller stomach makes it easier to feel full. In fact, most people who have fat surgery feel full after eating the amount of food that you could put on a coffee saucer. It becomes impossible to eat more than two quarter-cup servings (about 50 grams altogether) of anything at a single meal. Weight loss naturally follows. Stomach stapling is the oldest form of fat surgery, an d you can probably find a physician in your area who has a lot of experience doing it. In fact, you should only consider physicians and hospitals who have performed at least 100 operations. You dont want your doctors training to be performed on you. Other procedures are little harder to arrange. The newer form of stomach reduction, the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, also makes the stomach surgically smaller. In this procedure, however, the stomach is not dissected and stapled shut. Instead, after the stomachs size is reduced, it is reattached to the small intestine at a lower point. Roux-en-Y fat surgery leaves a smaller stomach that fills more quickly. It also leaves a shorter length of intestine to absorb fats (and other nutrients) from the smaller amounts of food that are eaten. With this form of fat surgery, you dont just eat less. Your intestines absorb less of the food you do eat. Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery produces quicker and more significant weight loss than just stapling or banding the stomach. Theres also a third approach to fat surgery, the lap band. The benefit of the lap band is that the weight loss surgery to install it can be laparoscopic. The entire fat surgery can be done through an incision as little as one inch (25 mm) wide. Lap band surgery can even be an outpatient procedure, so you can go home the same day. After lap band surgery, many patients go back to work in three to four days and resume all normal activities (except eating) within a week. The other forms of fat surgery require a minimum of four days in the hospital and six to eight weeks before resuming an active lifestyle. You may be asking, Why just shrink the stomach? Wouldnt it be simpler just to surgically remove all the fat? This procedure, called lipectomy, actually exists. Liposuction has the same effect. The problem with both lipectomy and liposuction is that high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and high blood sugars dont go down just because fat is removed from the body. Only the process of di eting seems to have this effect. There is no form of fat surgery that is a complete cure for obesity all by itself. Lifetime attention to diet and exercise are still necessary. But successful weight loss surgery can give you the boost you need to regain control of your life and become truly, lastingly, healthily thin. stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-82390202128557415082019-11-20T20:50:00.001-08:002019-11-20T20:50:03.149-08:00Schooling and Educational Opportunities for Females in the UK - EssaySchooling and Educational Opportunities for Females in the UK - Changes - Essay Example This comparison paper looks at the present state of post-16 educational opportunities for females (Archer et al, 2007) in contrast with those available to them in the 1950 and 1960s in the Post World War II era (Evans, 1991). It is evident that much has flowed under the bridge and the past has contributed to the present in a very effective manner. While the Archer article adopts a more clinical research based stance, the merit of the Evans piece is that it is personal and engaging as well. Only at certain points, she guides us as to the points she wants to make. In their paper entitled ââ¬ËClass, gender, heterosexuality and schooling: paradoxes within working-class girls' engagement with education and post-16 aspirationsââ¬â¢ as published in the British Journal of Sociology of Education of March 2007, the authors discuss ways in which inner-city and ethnically diverse working-class girls' constructions of hetero-femininities mediate and shape their engagement or disengagement w ith education and schooling. This study was based on data collected from 89 urban working-class youth in London. The authors mainly touched upon three main ways through which these young women used heterosexual femininities to construct capital and generate identity value and worth- these were (1) through investment in appearance using glamorous hetero-femininities, (2) through heterosexual relationships with boyfriends, and (3) through the ââ¬Ëladetteââ¬â¢ phenomena. They maintain that young women's investments in particular forms of heterosexual working-class femininity can affect very deeply their engagement or disengagement from schooling and education. They focus on the paradoxes that arise when these constructions interact with other oppressive power structures. Class, Gender, Heterosexuality and Schooling Paradoxes- A Detailed Analysis Archer et al. (2007) start off by commenting on the lower academic scores that boys typically achieve compared to girls in the GCSE and other competitive examinations and seek to determine the reasons for this. This underachievement is a cause of concern for many countries- from the UK to New Zealand. However, as Epstein and others have noted, it is not as simple as this because a more detailed look indicates that not all boys are doing badly and indeed, not all girls are doing well. There are complexities of social class, gender and ethnicity that underlie these results which must be addressed. Amazingly, Kenway (2003, page ix) found that girls leaving school early had more problems than boys in securing employment. stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-8951246761538381942019-11-19T00:00:00.001-08:002019-11-19T00:00:02.348-08:00FDT 1 week 11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsFDT 1 week 11 - Essay Example Closely related to political is the Mexican public concern about the extradition. Mexico does not always extradite its citizens to countries where they might face the death punishment given that execution is specifically prohibited under article 22 of the counties Constitution, and it is likely that if extradited, Guzmà ¡n would easily face it as the agreement between the countries are not clear and since the capital sentence power in the US is reserved exclusively for the states. Diplomatically, the Mexican relationship with United States highly depends on the decision Peà ±a Nieto will make. The Mexican diplomatic connection with users can further worsen as USA has in the past accused the country of lack of corporation (Shearer, 1971). Whether Guzmà ¡n is extradited or not there is always social concern that drug business and cartel may continue with their trade. This proves a challenge to the potential users. Legally, extradition also has consequences as it exposes the Mexican government incapability to try the drug lords. On the other hand, the legal procedures are also complex as laws of various countries contradict in stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-66798052232201142562019-11-16T12:32:00.001-08:002019-11-16T12:32:03.770-08:00Relationships between Indians and English at Jamestown Essay Example for Free Relationships between Indians and English at Jamestown Essay Before the English founded Jamestown in 1607, the Pamunkey Americans who lived in the Chesapeake Bay area were aware of the other culture overseas (Kupperman, 1). The Americans had watched the establishment and eventual abandonment of the Roanoke settlement some twenty years before Jamestown and gained knowledge of English society (1). European ships frequented the bay for trade. A Pamunkey man, who the Spaniards took back to Spain and baptized as Don Luà s de Velasco, returned to his homeland in 1571 and further informed the Pamunkeys (1). Though the English would become dominant, the Native Americans might have been the more erudite of the two cultures to clash. Europeans sent reports home from America and told of complex native civilizations and formidable tribes (Kupperman, 1). In time, the English came to assume that Americans were accomplished people living in highly developed societies and to rely their crops and supplies when needed (1). If one successful population could thrive on that land, then another could surely overtake it ultimately (2). The Pamunkeys had their own sights for a newly established Jamestown (Kupperman, 1). They understood the typical European behaviors and manipulated them to exert control (1). With over thirty tribes under Pamunkey leader Powhatans command, the natives kept the mostly inept English apprehensive and directed the trading of goods (1). The colonists traded for and exported furs and gold to Europe (1). For the Americans, metal tools, copper ornaments, glass beads and other Europeans products benefited them greatly in exchange (1). The Pamunkeys and their allies had power over the trade westward inland, therefore expanding their influence (2). True to form, the English settlers were incompetent with coping in the New World and became dependant to the natives for support (Kupperman, 2). As the two sides learnt more of each other as they mingled, mutual relationships formed (2). The English wasnt completely destitute, however, and recuperated under Captain John Smiths leadership (2). The Americans and the English became relatively amicable, but after Smith left the colony, theà relations deteriorated and conflicts rebounded (2). Meanwhile, retrogression in Europe drove more desperate people to seek life elsewhere, even in a foreign land. Despite that the battle-mottled situation in Jamestown, the English colony grew stronger, invested successfully in tobacco exportation, and ceased to count on Native Americans for help (Kupperman, 2). Instead of being exploited, the balance of power shifted and became more advantageous for the English. This has been: Examination of Relationships found in Indians and English Meet on the James by Karen Kupperman, www.iath.virginia.edu/vcdh/jamestown/essays/kupperman_essay.html stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796743265161301283.post-52629305223100107052019-11-14T01:02:00.001-08:002019-11-14T01:02:02.516-08:00My Growth as a Writer :: How I Have Changed As A Writer In my past writing assignments it seemed to be that we were learning everything step by step, where as in college more is expected from me as a writer. As a high school student it was quite easy to push everything off till the last moment. Those two o'clock nights were very frequent when a six-page research paper was due the next day. As a college student the requirements are more challenging and not something that can be pushed back till the very last second. It seems strange to me that starting earlier for a college paper and working twice as hard on it, receiving a lower grade on it than I would have in high school is upsetting to think about, but is so true. When coming into the semester I was unaware of what was expected from me, but as the semester progressed I was able to get a better understanding of the course and how to look critically at myself as a writer. I know that these are qualities that I will use for many years to come. Now that I have been through a semester at the University of Dayton I feel much more confident about myself in different aspects. I feel that as a writer I am able to give good detail when I feel strongly about a point. This is good because it gives my readers a real chance to envision what I am describing. Another strong point that I feel I model is my ability to incorporate sources into my papers. Although this may be very little, I feel that it is an important quality that I have obtained. These strengths have helped me to improve papers and be the best writer I know how to be. The weakness I portray are very difficult for me to think of. I know that I have quite a few but to change them is something that I have not full conquered yet. A weakness I know I have is sentence structure. I am not very good at putting sentences together and making them strong and well developed. Another weakness that is obvious is word choice. I don't always know the exact wording to use in different parts of a paper, this makes it hard to understand sometimes not very well written. stellajohnson1948http://www.blogger.com/profile/14557681407769325130noreply@blogger.com0